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551.
What is a social rule? This paper first notes three important problems for H.L.A. Hart’s famous answer in the Concept of Law. An alternative account that avoids the problems is then sketched. It is less individualistic than Hart’s and related accounts. This alternative account can explain a phenomenon observed but downplayed by Hart: the parties to a social rule feel that they are in some sense ‘bound’ to conform to it.
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The leading school reform policy in the United States revolves around strong accountability of schools with consequences for performance. The federal government's involvement through the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 reinforces the prior movement of many states toward policies based on measured student achievement. Analysis of state achievement growth as measured by the National Assessment of Educational progress shows that accountability systems introduced during the 1990s had a clear positive impact on student achievement. This single policy instrument did not, however, also lead to any narrowing in the Black‐White achievement gap (though it did narrow the Hispanic‐White achievement gap). Moreover, the Black‐White gap appears to have been adversely impacted over the decade by increasing minority concentrations in the schools. An additional issue surrounding stronger accountability has been a concern about unintended outcomes related to such things as higher exclusion rates from testing, increased dropout rates, and the like. Our analysis of special education placement rates, a frequently identified area of concern, does not show any responsiveness to the introduction of accountability systems.© 2005 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management 相似文献
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Margaret H. Lloyd Sieger Jeri B. Cohen Xholina Nano 《Juvenile & family court journal》2021,72(1):95-118
Estimates suggest that upwards of 50% of participants in adult treatment courts (ATC) are parents. Previous studies point to negative impacts of unmet parenting needs on substance use treatment and criminal justice outcomes, and that family‐centered practices such as parenting classes substantially reduce recidivism among ATC participants. Judges and team members interested in adopting family‐centered practices in their ATC program may be unsure where to begin. One recent source of information regarding evidence‐based, family‐centered practices in treatment court settings is the Family Treatment Court (FTC) Best Practice Standards. The FTC Standards suggest adopting a family‐centered mission, expanding partnerships with child‐ and family‐serving agencies, discussing parenting and family roles during hearings, implementing family‐centered case management, and considering the effect of therapeutic responses on children and families. Building on the ATC Standards, the flexibility inherent in voluntary court programs, and existing community partnerships creates a pathway toward family‐centered practice in criminal settings. 相似文献
558.
This study examined the ability of jury-eligible community members (N = 248) to detect internal validity threats in psychological science presented during a trial. Participants read a case summary
in which an expert testified about a study that varied in internal validity (valid, missing control group, confound, and experimenter
bias) and ecological validity (high, low). Ratings of expert evidence quality and expert credibility were higher for the valid
versus missing control group versions only. Internal validity did not influence verdict or ratings of plaintiff credibility
and no differences emerged as a function of ecological validity. Expert evidence quality, expert credibility, and plaintiff
credibility were positively correlated with verdict. Implications for the scientific reasoning literature and for trials containing
psychological science are discussed. 相似文献
559.
Margaret Lindorff 《Australian Journal of Public Administration》2009,68(4):429-445
This article explores the attitudes of male and female managers in the public sector toward high performance Human Resource Management (HRM) policies and practices, work, and organisational leadership, and compares these attitudes to those of managers in the private sector. It finds that female public sector managers are most positive about high performance HRM policies and practices. Male public sector managers are less positive than female managers in the public sector and male and female managers in the private sector across all the measures. Psychological contract theory suggests either the changes associated with high performance HRM policies and practices, or attempts to decrease the disadvantage felt by women in the public sector may have resulted in a sense of disadvantage among some men in the sector, and created a changed, more transactional psychological contract between these men and their organisation. Strategies are needed to reengage public sector men. 相似文献
560.
Homelessness Among Lesbian,Gay, and Bisexual Youth: Implications for Subsequent Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Although lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) youth with a history of homelessness (running away or being evicted from their homes
by parents) report more psychological symptoms than homeless heterosexual peers, it is unclear whether symptoms are due to
homelessness, given the absence of a non-homeless comparison group. This study longitudinally investigates whether LGB youth
with a history of homelessness report more subsequent psychological symptoms than non-homeless LGB youth and examines potential
mediators of any such relationships. Of the 156 LGB youth interviewed (49% female; 78% non-White), 48% reported past homeless
experiences. Homelessness was associated with subsequent symptoms of anxiety, depression, conduct problems, and substance
abuse and to changes in symptoms over time even after controlling for childhood sexual abuse and early development of sexual
orientation. Stressful life events, negative social relationships, and social support from friends mediated the relationships
between homelessness and symptomatology. These findings suggest the need for interventions to reduce stress and enhance social
support among LGB youth with a history of homelessness in order to reduce psychological symptoms. 相似文献