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It seems to be presumed by many that the simple multiplicationof international organizations (IOs) weakens the unity and integrityof international law. There is, in reality, nothing obviousin this assumption. First, there needs to be evidence of duplicationor overlaps in the various competences of IOs. Second, it needsto be proven that, in the instances in which the activitiesof IOs do overlap, such overlap translates into competition,divergence or conflict. Last, and most importantly, rival orcompeting activities must be of normative significance. Thisessay proposes to address the preliminary question which, infact, precedes and underpins all the others as regards the multiplicationof IOs and international legal unity: how do IOs matter in themaking of international law? IOs, we argue, are more shapersthan makers of international law and their multiplication istherefore not a source of increased chaos in the internationalnormative puzzle. 相似文献
153.
Mario Ferrero 《Public Choice》2005,122(1-2):199-220
This paper views Islamist radicals as self-interested political revolutionaries and builds on a general model of political extremism developed in a previous paper (Ferrero, 2002). Extremism is modelled as a production factor whose effect on expected revenue is initially positive and then turns negative, and whose level is optimally chosen by a revolutionary organization. The organization is bound by a free-access constraint and hence uses the degree of extremism as a means of indirectly controlling its level of membership with the aim of maximizing expected per capita income of its members, like a producer co-operative. The gist of the argument is that radicalization may be an optimal reaction to perceived failure (a widespread perception in the Muslim world) when political activists are, at the margin, relatively strongly averse to effort but not so averse to extremism. This configuration is at odds with secular, Western-style revolutionary politics but seems to capture well the essence of Islamic revolutionary politics, embedded as it is in a doctrinal framework. 相似文献
154.
A Direct Aqueous Derivatization GSMS Method for Determining Benzoylecgonine Concentrations in Human Urine 下载免费PDF全文
Silvio Chericoni Ph.D. Fabio Stefanelli Ph.D. Ylenia Da Valle Ph.D. Mario Giusiani B.Sc. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2015,60(5):1355-1359
A sensitive and reliable method for extraction and quantification of benzoylecgonine (BZE) and cocaine (COC) in urine is presented. Propyl‐chloroformate was used as derivatizing agent, and it was directly added to the urine sample: the propyl derivative and COC were then recovered by liquid–liquid extraction procedure. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to detect the analytes in selected ion monitoring mode. The method proved to be precise for BZE and COC both in term of intraday and interday analysis, with a coefficient of variation (CV) <6%. Limits of detection (LOD) were 2.7 ng/mL for BZE and 1.4 ng/mL for COC. The calibration curve showed a linear relationship for BZE and COC (r2 >0.999 and >0.997, respectively) within the range investigated. The method, applied to thirty authentic samples, showed to be very simple, fast, and reliable, so it can be easily applied in routine analysis for the quantification of BZE and COC in urine samples. 相似文献
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Mario Draghi 《国际公共行政管理杂志》2013,36(2-3):253-274
Beginning in 1992, Italy has undergone a dramatic process of fiscal consolidation. Within that framework, the policy strategy has covered a broad range of objectives and addressed the main structural imbalances of the Italian economy. This paper describes how the new policy course has been reshaping the role of the State within the Italian economy, with a view of reducing the State's weight and direct involvement in the management of businesses. This has also implied a profound transformation at the decisional and administrative levels, as testified by the ongoing merge of two separate administrations, the former Ministry of the Treasury and Ministry of the Budget, into a single entity. 相似文献
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Asia Europe Journal - Spanish elite’s perceptions of the European Union-China Comprehensive Agreement on Investment (CAI) are positive given its economic and normative prospects and... 相似文献
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European Journal of Political Research - 相似文献