Shifting priorities at the Health Protection Branch: challenges to the regulatory process

Abstract: The Health Protection Branch (hpb ) of Health Canada has recently undergone considerable policy and organizational renewal, with numerous and broad‐ranging implications for the evaluation of drug product safety and efficacy. From a public‐health perspective, however, the criteria used to develop organizational and policy change at the hpb have provided a sub‐optimal basis for reform, due primarily to the many forms of market failure to which the regulation of pharmaceuticals is subject. For example, thepartnership andefficiency criteria that guided policy renewal have led to the transfer of important responsibilities to partners, with the potential for either a conflict of interest or inadequate information, for which the legal basis is not always clear. The resulting realignment of the hpb's roles and responsibilities may be characterized as leading to a shift from a comprehensive approach to public‐health protection to one based on strategic risk management, with responsibilities dispersed among government, industry, academia and consumers. The rebalancing of goals in the redesign of the regulatory process suggests a change in the role of the state in the context of public‐health protection and highlights issues of concern to the public interest that may not be fully recognized as deregulation occurs in other sectors of the economy. Sommaire: La Direction générale de la protection de la santé (dgps ) de Santé Canada vient de subir un vaste remaniement de politiques et d'organisation qui entraîne de nombreuses et profondes répercussions sur l'évaluation de la sûreté et de l'efficacité des produits pharmaceutiques. Cependant, du point de vue de la santé publique, les critères auxquels on a fait appel pour modifier les politiques et l'organisation de la dgps n'ont permis qu'une base de réforme sous‐optimale, à cause surtout des nom‐breux genres de défaillance du marché qui affligent la réglementation des produits pharmaceutiques. Par exemple, les critières depurtenariat etd'efficacité qui ont guidé le remaniement des politiques ont amené le transfert d'importantes responsabilites à des partenaires moyennant le risque de. conflit d'intérêts ou d'informations inadéqaates, sans pour autant assurer une base juridique Claire. On pourrait donc dire que cette réorientation des rôles et responsabilités de la dgps fait que l'on passe d'une approche globale en matière de protection de la santéà une gestion stratégique du risque, la responsabilité en étant dispersée parmi le gouvernement, l'industrie, les milieux universitaires et les consommateurs. Le rééquilibrage des objectifs dans le remaniement du processus de réglementation suggère une évolution du rôle de l'État en ce qui concerne la protection de la santé publique; il met aussi en relief des questions d'intérêt public qui n'ont peut‐être pas été reconnues alors que la déréglementation prend lieu dans d'autres secteurs économiques.     

试论证据矛盾及矛盾分析法

证据矛盾普遍存在。包括证据内的矛盾与证据间的矛盾、证据与事实的矛盾、证据与情理的矛盾。这些矛盾可以区分为根本性矛盾与非根本性矛盾、冲突性矛盾与差异性矛盾等。矛盾产生的原因包括事物的多样性、信息不对称以及主客观双重局限。出现矛盾或者过于一致没有矛盾都有助于我们发现疑点避免错案,而解决矛盾的过程就是证明的过程。应对矛盾,需要有效地排除、合理地解释、充分地证明以及适当地容忍。在有矛盾时确定事实,应注意所认定的事实不存在与确凿事实与情理的矛盾,不存在不能合理解释,无法排除与解决的根本性矛盾。或者虽然存在证据矛盾,但证据体系足以建立内心确信,排除合理怀疑。     

评“检警一体化”兼论我国的检警关系

“检警一体化”主张不符合各国检警关系的设置模式 ,不利于维系检警之间的合理“张力” ,将削弱国家刑事侦查能力 ,而且不具备实践可行性。但为适应刑事诉讼的改革发展 ,需协调检警关系 ,强化侦查监督。为此作者提出了调整检警关系的三项原则、两套方案和一系列具体措施     

毛泽东的群众观及其对当代群众路线教育实践活动的启示

毛泽东的群众观内涵十分丰富。毛泽东的群众观重视人民群众在革命、建设中的主体地位,要求正确处理领导和群众的关系,强调人民利益高于一切。这对于当前深入开展党的群众路线教育实践活动具有重要指导意义:利于寻找影响党群、干群关系突出的"四风"问题的思想根源以及群众路线教育实践活动长效机制建设的路径选择。     

农民工文化生活性别差异研究——以福建省为例

利用2010年福建省农民工文化生活状况调查数据,从性别角色、资源交换和生命周期三种理论入手,分析了福建省农民工文化生活在婚姻、年龄、教育程度和经济收入因素影响下的时间、金钱投入及文化活动种类方面的性别差异,并就研究结论提出有针对性的建议。     

孝道的重建——论儒家“孝”观念的生活情感本源

“孝”乃儒家思想的核心观念之一。在孔孟那里，孝道的建构本是立足于作为本源的生活情感的。但经过轴心期大转型以后，孝道逐渐僵化为一种道德教条，而遗忘了生活情感这个大本本源。当下我们要重建孝道，绝不能仅仅将孝道理解为道德教条，而应该进一步追溯其本源，立足于儒家“孝”观念的生活情感本源来重建孝道。     

当前派出所工作存在的主要问题及其解决

派出所工作是全部公安工作的根基所在。要实现"警力配置最优、警力资源消耗最低、警务效益最大"的警务改革目标,必须正视和解决长期以来派出所工作中存在的"领导作风粗而不实、警力调配粗而不优、警务方式粗而落后"等主要问题。解决这些问题既要贯彻层级管理原则、明确工作重点,也要知人善用,合理用警,更要正确看待和协调处理好四项主要警务工作之间的关系;同时,要紧跟信息化发展步伐,实施信息化警务发展战略。     

Affirmative Action and Its Alternatives in Public Universities: What Do We Know?

University administrators have made difficult choices in response to the changing policy context for the use of affirmative action in admissions. This paper synthesizes the empirical literature on affirmative action and evaluates the efficacy of alternative strategies, including top-percent programs, class-based affirmative action, and targeted recruiting. The analyses offer several findings of interest to officials who direct such programs: (1) Affirmative action preferences given by top-tier universities have been large; (2) affirmative action leads minorities to enroll in higher-quality institutions; and (3) affirmative action has mostly positive effects on minority students later in life. The evidence shows a decline in minorities' relative share of enrollment at flagship public universities after affirmative action was eliminated in several states, and the alternative strategies used by these universities have not offset these declines.     

Explaining legislators’ positions on outside income limits: Voting on honoraria ceilings in the U.S. Senate, 1981–1983

This article examines roll-call voting by members of the U.S. Senate on three proposals to limit members’ outside income in the 1980s. I find that several factors influenced legislators’ votes on outside income limits legislation (OILL). First, financial self-interest was an important constraint on members’ willingness to support OILL. Members who earned more honoraria were less likely to vote yes, but this opposition was neutralized when limits were attached to the compensating mechanism of a pay raise. Senators from poorer states were generally more likely to support honoraria limits alone but less likely to support limits linked to a pay raise, suggesting a responsiveness to constituent interests in both cases. Finally, when OILL was linked to a pay raise, electoral considerations became prominent in legislators’ vote decisions, with electorally vulnerable members less likely to vote yes.     

Attributional style,depressive features,and self-esteem: Adult children of alcoholic and nonalcoholic parents

Undergraduate adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs; N=57) were compared to children of nonalcoholic parents (CONAs; N=100) on measures of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), selfesteem, and attributional style. ACOA status was determined using the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test (Jones, 1981). ACOAs were found to have significantly higher scores on the BDI and to have significantly lower self-esteem, as measured by the Index of Self-Esteem, than CONAs. ACOAs were also more likely to have a depressive attributional style, in that they perceived failure as more internal, stable, and global than CONAs. Further, females had significantly higher BDI scores than males.Received B.A. from West Virginia University. Research interests: adult children of alcoholics and human sexual behavior.Received Ph.D. from West Virginia University. Research interests: the impact of popular culture on adolescents and the impact of parental conflict on children.Received Ph.D. from University of Massachusetts. Research interests: adolescent suicide risk.