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161.
Baroness Vivien Stern Anita Dockley Matt Wotton Jamie Bennett Stephen Shaw 《Criminal Justice Matters》2013,92(1):38-40
After more than one hundred years, the future of a unified Probation Service looks bleak in the face of current proposals by the Ministry of Justice to open up the market for rehabilitation services to new providers from the private, voluntary and community sectors. 相似文献
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Purpose
The criminal career paradigm is a major research focus in criminology, and the current state-of-the-art review explicates research published between 2000 and 2011.Materials and methods
Keyword searches of Science Direct, Scopus, and the National Criminal Justice Research Service produced 364 studies on criminal careers.Results
A narrative meta-review summarizes essential findings on the parameters of the criminal career, investigates emerging theoretical and disciplinary extensions that utilize the criminal career framework, and identifies 16 pressing research gaps.Conclusions
Although the study of criminal careers has been a dominant research area in criminology, its presence is likely to expand as research becomes more interdisciplinary and a longitudinal, biosocial perspective takes hold in the criminological sciences. 相似文献166.
Vaughn MG Fu Q Wernet SJ Delisi M Beaver KM Perron BE Howard MO 《Journal of criminal justice》2011,39(3):212-217
PURPOSE: Whether lifetime abstainer's antisocial behavior are maladjusted or well-adjusted is unresolved. The aim of this study was to compare abstainers (defined as persons with no lifetime use of alcohol and other drugs and non-engagement in antisocial or delinquent behavior) with non-abstainers across a range of sociodemographic and mental health characteristics in the United States. METHODS: Data were derived from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults. Structured psychiatric interviews (N = 43,093) using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule - DSM-IV version (AUDADIS-IV) were completed by trained lay interviewers between 2001 and 2002. RESULTS: The prevalence of abstaining was 11%. Abstainers were significantly more likely to be female, Asian and African-American, born outside the U.S., and less likely to be unemployed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that abstainers were significantly less likely to evidence lifetime mood, anxiety, or personality disorder compared to non-abstainers. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate that abstainers are not maladapted and are comparatively more functional than non-abstainers. 相似文献
167.
Kathleen A. FoxAuthor Vitae Matt R. NoblesAuthor VitaeRonald L. AkersAuthor Vitae 《Journal of criminal justice》2011,39(1):39
Purpose
We examine the extent to which components of social learning theory (i.e., definitions, differential reinforcement, and differential association/modeling) predict stalking victimization and perpetration using survey data from a large sample of college students.Methods
Among a sample of 2,766 college students, logistic regression models were estimated to analyze the relationships between social learning theory and stalking perpetration and victimization.Results
Results suggest that victimization and perpetration are functions of social learning. The findings also indicated that females were significantly more likely to be both stalking victims and perpetrators.Conclusions
Regarding stalking perpetration and victimization, our results suggest that there may be responses, attitudes, and behaviors that are learned, modified, or reinforced primarily through interaction with peers. Overall, social learning theory concepts appear to be important predictors of stalking perpetration and victimization that help to develop theoretical explanations for stalking. 相似文献168.
Matt DeLisi Kevin M. Beaver Kevin A. Wright John Paul Wright Michael G. Vaughn Chad R. Trulson 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2011,36(2):73-92
Whether criminals are specialized or versatile in their offending is a long-standing research area that has been recently
revitalized by a paradigm that recognizes that both specialization and versatility characterize offending careers. Based on
data from an enriched sample of 500 adult habitual criminals, the current study introduces a measure of relative specialization—the
offense specialization coefficient—and a novel analytical technique called simultaneous quantile regression to further the
study of specialization. Although offenders committed a mix of offenses, there was considerable and at times pronounced evidence
of specialization. Age, sex, and arrest onset had differential predictive validity of specialization for eight crimes at the
75th and 95th quantiles. Implications and suggestions for future research are offered. 相似文献
169.
Psychologists have long recognized the effects of contextual and extraneous information on decision making. Such information renders the subject susceptible to both motivational and cognitive bias; yet, it is difficult to assess the extent to which these influence forensic odontologists opinions as there have been no studies to date on this subject. This article explores the various types of contextual effects and biasing influences that potentially impact on the analysis of bitemarks in forensic odontology. It appears that the current practice of bitemark analysis is rich in sources of potentially biasing influences. In addition to the fundamental recognition that some form of bias is likely to exist, ways in which these should be minimized include: separation of the collection and analysis phases; limiting the amount of contextual information available to the odontologist responsible for the analysis; and ensuring that evidence that is ambiguous or of poor quality is identified as such prior to analysis. 相似文献
170.
Jonathan W. Caudill Brie Diamond Chad R. Trulson Matt DeLisi James W. Marquart 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2012,37(3):306-320
National estimates have suggested that less than one-in-five arsons are cleared by arrest. Interestingly, juveniles account for nearly 50% of arson arrests, a proportion greater than all other non-status offenses. While the criminological literature on juvenile arson has been fairly consistent, a dearth of applied criminological literature has observed how the juvenile justice system responds to arsonists. Drawing on data on more than 5,000 juveniles from a large southern state, this study was able to differentiate between the system responses for arsonists and other felons. The findings suggested that the juvenile justice system distinguished between arsonists and other felons in some respects, but these distinctions failed to align with the suggested approaches of the criminological literature. 相似文献