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171.
Democracy affords citizens the ability to influence policy through participation in elections and through direct political action. Though previous scholarship evaluates the impact each strategy has on outcomes, little if any work exists that examines how one strategy, direct action, affects success in the other, elections. This study analyzes the relationship between land occupations and the electoral success of the Workers' Party in Brazil between 1996 and 2006. It finds that the relationship varies in presidential and mayoral elections depending on income inequality and incumbency. Once the PT captures the presidential office in 2002, these effects disappear, suggesting that the effect of political protest also depends on who is in office. 相似文献
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Most evaluations are still quasi‐experimental and most recent quasi‐experimental methodological research has focused on various types of propensity score matching to minimize conventional selection bias on observables. Although these methods create better‐matched treatment and comparison groups on observables, the issue of selection on unobservables still looms large. Thus, in the absence of being able to run randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or natural experiments, it is important to understand how well different regression‐based estimators perform in terms of minimizing pure selection bias, that is, selection on unobservables. We examine the relative magnitudes of three sources of pure selection bias: heterogeneous response bias, time‐invariant individual heterogeneity (fixed effects [FEs]), and intertemporal dependence (autoregressive process of order one [AR(1)]). Because the relative magnitude of each source of pure selection bias may vary in different policy contexts, it is important to understand how well different regression‐based estimators handle each source of selection bias. Expanding simulations that have their origins in the work of Heckman, LaLonde, and Smith ( 1999 ), we find that difference‐in‐differences (DID) using equidistant pre‐ and postperiods and FEs estimators are less biased and have smaller standard errors in estimating the Treatment on the Treated (TT) than other regression‐based estimators. Our data analysis using the Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) program replicates our simulation findings in estimating the TT. 相似文献
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Maureen A. Maloney 《Canadian public administration. Administration publique du Canada》1991,34(2):241-259
Abstract: This paper explores the reasons used to support the omission of wealth tax from the federal tax base. The primary reasons for the demise of the former inheritance tax are examined in order to anticipate arguments which may be made against the rein-troduction of wealth taxation. The author bases her main arguments on the need to enhance vertical equity in the taxation system by distributing tax burdens in a progressive manner in accordance with an individual's ability to pay. Wealth taxation may also play a role in impeding large concentrations of wealth. Moreover, if wealth taxation does in fact contribute to ameliorating income and wealth disparities, then substantive equality of opportunity may become a reality rather than a vision of Canadian society. The main concer's often voiced against the introduction of new wealth taxes are examined and found wanting. In particular the author examines the economic concerns, on both macro and micro levels, which are often raised against the imposition of wealth taxation. The author concludes that taxation on transfers of wealth and annual net worth are warranted, hit cautions that considerable care, planning and sensitivity must accompany their proposed structure and implementation. Sommaire: Cette étude explore les raisons invoquées pour recommander I'omission de I'impôt sur la fortune de I'assiette d'imposition fédéale. L'auteur examine les principaux motifs de I'abrogation de I'ancien impôt sur la succession afin d'anticiper les arguments qui pourraient être présentés contre la réintroduction de I'impôt siir la fortune. Elk fonde ses principaux arguments sur la nécessité d'accroître I'équité verticale du système d'imposition en répartissant progressivement les fardeaux fiscaux selon les capacités financières de chaque contribuable. L'impôt sur la fortune pourrait aussi contribuer à empêcher les grandes concentrations de richesse. En outre, s'il est vrai que cet impôt permet d'amenuiser les disparités de revenu et de richesse, il se pourrait qu'unk véritable égalité de chances devienne une réalité plutôt qu'une simple vision dans la société cana-dienne. 1,'auteur se penche sur les principales préoccupations exprimées à I'encontre de nouveaux impôts sur la fortune et constate que les arguments ne tiennent pas. Elk étudie tout particulièrement les aspects ékonomiques, aussi bien à une macro-échelle qu'à une micro-échelle, qui sont souvent invoqués pour faire opposition à I'impôt sur la fortune. L'auteur conclut clue les impôts sur la fortune ou les transferts sur la fortune et I'actif net annuel sont justifiés, mais elle signale que la conception et la mise en place des structures proposées devront se faire avec énormément de soin, de planification et d'attention. 相似文献
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Maureen Wang Erber 《Social Justice Research》1990,4(4):337-353
The relationship of context to procedural preferences was studied by examining the effects of interrelatedness, trust, and penalty on preferences for adversary and inquisitorial hearing procedures. Subjects imagined themselves members of different communities and were led to believe that they had been accused of committing an offense of which they knew they were innocent. Interrelatedness, trust, and penalty interacted to affect subjects' ratings of both hearing procedures. Subjects in highly trusting settings (i) preferred the inquisitorial procedure more than those in nontrusting settings and (ii) preferred the adversary procedure less than their nontrusting counterparts. A penalty effect was also found. As penalty increased, subjects increased in their preference for the adversary procedure and decreased in their preference for the inquisitorial procedure, but only in noninterrelated communities. The implications for prior research and for the role of interrelatedness in procedural choice are discussed. 相似文献
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