超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测柴油中的微量蔗糖

目的建立检测柴油中微量蔗糖的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法。方法用纯水提取柴油样品中的蔗糖,以乙腈-水为流动相,梯度洗脱,经ZORBAX RX-SIL色谱柱(2.1mm×150mm,5μm)分离,以电喷雾离子源采用负离子扫描,多反应监测(MRM)进行数据分析。结果该方法检测下限(LOD)达10.0μg/L,定量限(LOQ)为15.0μg/L,在50.0~1000.0μg/L范围内线性关系良好;低、中、高3种浓度的加样回收率分别为85.5%、91.5%、90.3%,且相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10%。结论该方法操作简单快速、灵敏度高、稳定性好、结果可靠,完全满足将蔗糖放入柴油中损坏机械设备案件检验的需求。     

Developmental Pathways from Parental Socioeconomic Status to Adolescent Substance Use: Alternative and Complementary Reinforcement

Although lower socioeconomic status has been linked to increased youth substance use, much less research has determined potential mechanisms explaining the association. The current longitudinal study tested whether alternative (i.e., pleasure gained from activities without any concurrent use of substances) and complementary (i.e., pleasure gained from activities in tandem with substance use) reinforcement mediate the link between lower socioeconomic status and youth substance use. Further, we tested whether alternative and complementary reinforcement and youth substance use gradually unfold over time and then intersect with one another in a cascading manner. Potential sex differences are also examined. Data were drawn from a longitudinal survey of substance use and mental health among high school students in Los Angeles. Data collection involved four semiannual assessment waves beginning in fall 2013 (N?=?3395; M baseline age?=?14.1; 47% Hispanic, 16.2% Asian, 16.1% multiethnic, 15.7% White, and 5% Black; 53.4% female). The results from a negative binomial path model suggested that lower parental socioeconomic status (i.e., lower parental education) was significantly related to an increased number of substances used by youth. The final path model revealed that the inverse association was statistically mediated by adolescents’ diminished engagement in pleasurable substance-free activities (i.e., alternative reinforcers) and elevated engagement in pleasurable activities paired with substance use (i.e., complementary reinforcers). The direct effect of lower parental education on adolescent substance use was not statistically significant after accounting for the hypothesized mediating mechanisms. No sex differences were detected. Increasing access to and engagement in pleasant activities of high quality that do not need a reinforcement enhancer, such as substances, may be useful in interrupting the link between lower parental socioeconomic status and youth substance use.     

Negotiators as Mediators: The Case of 1987–1995 Korea–United States Bilateral Trade Negotiations

Despite their widely recognized benefits, integrative approaches to negotiation have seldom been effectively used in interorganizational negotiations. This study analyzes the 1987–1995 Korea–United States Trade Negotiations, identifying elements in those talks that could have moved the negotiations in a more integrative direction. The role of building relationships — especially between key negotiators — is examined. Informal negotiations between the key negotiators from both sides were crucial in building such relationships, which helped both sides create solutions for mutual gains. This process was realized, inter alia, by the dual role that the key negotiators took on as negotiators and as mediators.     

读周枏先生《罗马法原论》札记

周枏先生去世时,我曾写了“带走一个时代的法学家”以寄追思。为什么这样说？因为他的人品、学品和命运在某种程度上浓缩了一个时代的众多法学家的个性特征、学术生涯和人生追求。无论是其人品学品,还是其生涯命运,都有时代的印痕。现今我们所处的时代,即使有人想去追求,已经很难产生、锻造周枏先生这样的学者了。这就是时代的不可抗力,它既可带给人们光辉与希望,也可给人造成黯淡和神伤。所幸的是,一种纯净的人品和精深的学品总能给人以激励和向往。周枏的《罗马法原论》（以下简称《原论》）就是这样一部体现了作者学品,并且给人以激励,为后来者奠基的著作,这是他留给后人的丰厚遗产。这个遗产既是一种已然的学品,又是当今学人应行仿效的楷模,也为将来的学术树立起了准衡。周枏先生去世带走了一个时代的另一层含义,是说作为老一辈学者,他其实是前一个时代的罗马法学者在后一个时代的仅存。从20世纪初以来至今,中国的罗马法学著作可以说并不少,除译著外,中国学者自己的著述也有十四五种之多。这些著作在不同时期,不同地区都发生过相当的影响。其中影响较为持久广泛的当属黄右昌的《罗马法与现代》、陈朝璧的《罗马法原理》以及改革开放以后在中国大陆出版的周枏、吴文翰、谢邦宇的《罗马法》（群众出版社,1983）和江平、米健的《罗马法基础》（中国政法大学出版社,1987）。从时间上看,虽然《原论》1994年才问世,但在此之前,像《原论》这样系统全面、深入具体、资料翔实的中文罗马法专著还不曾有过。这部著作是周枏倾其一生精力与心血的巨制大作,是他一生学术积累和造诣的集中体现。此前已有的任何一部罗马法著作,都没有像《原论》这样做了几十年的酝酿和准备,融入了几十年的学术探讨与教学积累。仅此而言,《原论》可谓对其他既有罗马法学著作的超越,是中国罗马法学近乎一个世纪的集成。正因如此,该书出版之后,受到了学界的广泛关注和欢迎。到2004年4月,该书已经五次印刷。这在同类学术著作中,无疑独享殊荣。在此意义上,完全可以说斯人已逝而不去,学品无声得永生。这就是一个学者的价值,无论他生存时曾否得意辉煌,或者曾有多少失意怅惘。从《原论》中我们可以看到哪些学品呢？     

Reverse brain drain in South Korea: State-led model

Korea’s reverse brain drain (RBD) has been an organized government effort, rather than a spontaneous social phenomenon, in that various policies and the political support of President Park, Chung-Hee were instrumental in laying the ground work for its success. Particular features of Korea’s RBD policies are the creation of a conducive domestic environment (i.e., government-sponsored strategic R & D institution-building, legal and administrative reforms), and importantly, the empowerment of returnees (via, i.e., exceptionally good material benefits, guarantees of research autonomy). President Park played the cardinal role in empowering repatriates at the expense of his own civil bureaucracy, and his capacity for such patronage derived from Korea’s bureaucratic-authoritarian political system. Returning scientists and engineers directly benefited from this political system as well as Park’s personal guardianship. For Park, empowerment of returning “brains” was necessary to accomplish his national industrialization plan, thereby enhancing his political legitimacy in domestic politics. An alliance with the R & D cadre was functionally necessary to successfully consolidate strong presidential power, and politically non-threatening due to the particular form of “pact of domination” in Korea’s power structure. RBD in Korea will continue in the near future given Korea’s drive for high technology, and the remarkable expansion of local industrial and educational sectors. Korea’s future RBD, however, needs to pay closer attention to the following four problems: research autonomy; equality issues; skill-based repatriation of technicians and engineers rather than Ph.D.’s; and subsidies to small and medium industry for RBD. Bang-Soon L. Yoon is assistant professor of political science, Central Washington University. She is currently working onWorld Bibliographical Series: South Korea, to be published by Clio Press, Ltd., Oxford, England, co-edited with Michael A. Launius. An earlier version of this paper was read at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, Illinois, April 18–20, 1991.     

From functional integration to structural readjustment: Taipei–Beijing relations and the role of the United States

Regardless of the continued stalemate in the political arena, trade and economic interactions between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait have increased steadily. Both aggregate data and the results of survey research have testified to the existence of functional integration of the two societies across the Taiwan Strait. In addition to functional integration, structural readjustments have also been made by political authorities both in Taipei and Beijing so as to facilitate continuity of trade and economic relations. These types of mutual accommodations include: establishing proper ‘unofficial’ agencies on both sides to serve as instruments of practical contacts and negotiation; the more flexible definition of ‘One China’ by Beijing; and the opening of ‘small links’ between Quemoy and Amoy by Taipei. Beijing's refusal to grant Taipei any official diplomatic status and Taipei's reluctance to accept the ‘One China’ principle remain major obstacles to cross‐Taiwan Strait relations. The United States will continue playing a key role in future cross‐Strait relations. Beijing seems to be content, at least temporarily, to maintain cordial relations with the United States in exchange for the latter's adherence to the ‘One China’ principle and rejection of the option of Taiwan independence. Whether Taipei will use enhanced US commitment to Taiwan's security to strike a better deal with Beijing for gradual cross‐Strait integration or to utilize increased American protection to move onto the separatist road will be affected by domestic politics in Taiwan, future US policy toward to the island, and Beijing's response to Taipei's demand for security and international recognition.     

A Correction in Elementary Public Choice Geometry

This paper corrects a long-standing errorin elementary geometrical constructionsthat involve collective choices inmultidimensional settings. The seeminglyinnocuous assumption of separability amongarguments in individual utility functionsdoes not imply symmetric indifferencecontours in shared goods space. Sharedgoods necessarily become gross substituteswhen resource or budgetary constraints areintroduced. The corrected constructionsuggests that issue-by-issue voting is lessefficacious than is indicated in theconventional analysis.     

杭州大学生村官在农村现状的调查与思考——以建德市为例

选拔大学生到村和社区工作,是党中央对社会主义新农村建设做出的又一重大战略决策,对三农问题的解决和基层党政干部的培养都具有重要的现实意义和深远的战略意义。我们通过对建德市大学生村官在农村现状的调查发现,大学生村官在农村各项工作中发挥了积极的作用,但在日常管理、培训培养、成长成才等方面存在的问题,值得组织部门引起高度重视,采取有效途径和手段加以改善、解决。     

Korean population genetic data for eleven STR loci.

Allele frequency and forensic parameters for eleven STR loci were surveyed in a random sample from the Korean population.     

从覆盖到衔接：论中国和谐社会保障体系“三步走”战略

当前城乡二元社会保障制度的弊端在改革与实践中日益加深.在阐述城乡和谐社会保障体系建设战略意义,并借鉴国外社会保障制度发展经验与启示的基础上,综合运用社会保障制度基础理论、数理人口学、保险精算学、生命表技术、系统仿真等理论与技术方法,创新性地提出了我国社会保障体系从覆盖到衔接的"三步走"战略思想与理论,较全面地回答了我国社会保障体系如何从目前城乡二元的体系走向未来和谐社会保障体系的命题:即"第一步走",从现在到2020年,实现覆盖城乡的社会保障体系,其内容包括"广覆盖、分层次、有差别、可持续",而其核心体现在新型农村社会保障制度的建立上;"第二步走",从2021年到2035年的十五年间,主要任务与目标是基本建立以东部、中部、西部为划分的"大区域城乡衔接的社会保障体系",其核心内容为"统筹兼顾、动态衔接";"第三步走",争取在2049年建国百年庆典前,实现和谐社会保障体系的稳步建立,从大区域衔接到全国范围内的衔接.