From functional integration to structural readjustment: Taipei–Beijing relations and the role of the United States

Regardless of the continued stalemate in the political arena, trade and economic interactions between the two sides of the Taiwan Strait have increased steadily. Both aggregate data and the results of survey research have testified to the existence of functional integration of the two societies across the Taiwan Strait. In addition to functional integration, structural readjustments have also been made by political authorities both in Taipei and Beijing so as to facilitate continuity of trade and economic relations. These types of mutual accommodations include: establishing proper ‘unofficial’ agencies on both sides to serve as instruments of practical contacts and negotiation; the more flexible definition of ‘One China’ by Beijing; and the opening of ‘small links’ between Quemoy and Amoy by Taipei. Beijing's refusal to grant Taipei any official diplomatic status and Taipei's reluctance to accept the ‘One China’ principle remain major obstacles to cross‐Taiwan Strait relations. The United States will continue playing a key role in future cross‐Strait relations. Beijing seems to be content, at least temporarily, to maintain cordial relations with the United States in exchange for the latter's adherence to the ‘One China’ principle and rejection of the option of Taiwan independence. Whether Taipei will use enhanced US commitment to Taiwan's security to strike a better deal with Beijing for gradual cross‐Strait integration or to utilize increased American protection to move onto the separatist road will be affected by domestic politics in Taiwan, future US policy toward to the island, and Beijing's response to Taipei's demand for security and international recognition.     

A Correction in Elementary Public Choice Geometry

This paper corrects a long-standing errorin elementary geometrical constructionsthat involve collective choices inmultidimensional settings. The seeminglyinnocuous assumption of separability amongarguments in individual utility functionsdoes not imply symmetric indifferencecontours in shared goods space. Sharedgoods necessarily become gross substituteswhen resource or budgetary constraints areintroduced. The corrected constructionsuggests that issue-by-issue voting is lessefficacious than is indicated in theconventional analysis.     

杭州大学生村官在农村现状的调查与思考——以建德市为例

选拔大学生到村和社区工作,是党中央对社会主义新农村建设做出的又一重大战略决策,对三农问题的解决和基层党政干部的培养都具有重要的现实意义和深远的战略意义。我们通过对建德市大学生村官在农村现状的调查发现,大学生村官在农村各项工作中发挥了积极的作用,但在日常管理、培训培养、成长成才等方面存在的问题,值得组织部门引起高度重视,采取有效途径和手段加以改善、解决。     

Korean population genetic data for eleven STR loci.

Allele frequency and forensic parameters for eleven STR loci were surveyed in a random sample from the Korean population.     

从覆盖到衔接：论中国和谐社会保障体系“三步走”战略

当前城乡二元社会保障制度的弊端在改革与实践中日益加深.在阐述城乡和谐社会保障体系建设战略意义,并借鉴国外社会保障制度发展经验与启示的基础上,综合运用社会保障制度基础理论、数理人口学、保险精算学、生命表技术、系统仿真等理论与技术方法,创新性地提出了我国社会保障体系从覆盖到衔接的"三步走"战略思想与理论,较全面地回答了我国社会保障体系如何从目前城乡二元的体系走向未来和谐社会保障体系的命题:即"第一步走",从现在到2020年,实现覆盖城乡的社会保障体系,其内容包括"广覆盖、分层次、有差别、可持续",而其核心体现在新型农村社会保障制度的建立上;"第二步走",从2021年到2035年的十五年间,主要任务与目标是基本建立以东部、中部、西部为划分的"大区域城乡衔接的社会保障体系",其核心内容为"统筹兼顾、动态衔接";"第三步走",争取在2049年建国百年庆典前,实现和谐社会保障体系的稳步建立,从大区域衔接到全国范围内的衔接.     

标准三联体非父排除率计算公式的推导和验证

目的对标准三联体亲子鉴定的非父排除率(PE)进行公式推导和实验验证。方法基于PE定义自行推导公式:PE=sum(P_i~2(1-P_i)~2)from i=1 to n+sum(P_iP_j(1-P_i)~3)from ij to n+sum(P_iP_j(1-P_j)~3)from ij to n+sum(P_iP_j(P_i+P_j)(1-P_i-P_j)~2)from ij to n。将该公式与前人报道的5个公式(1)~(5)进行对比,计算AGCU EX20系统19个常染色体STR基因座的PE值。根据1 000例单亲样本和1 000个无关个体样本设计真实实验,计算PE真实实验值。以随机模拟法产生1 000万对模拟亲母子和1 000万个随机个体,设计模拟实验计算PE模拟实验值。在19个基因座,统计各基因座的等位基因频率之和(S),将PE的公式值、真实实验值和模拟实验值进行对比。结果当S=1时,公式(1)、(2)、(5)、(6)计算结果完全一致,且符合真实和模拟双重实验验证。当S≠1时,公式(1)、(2)、(5)、(6)计算结果有较小误差。公式(3)、(4)的计算结果有较大误差。结论本研究推导的公式(6)与经典公式(1)、(2)、(5)均可用于标准三联体亲子鉴定。S值对PE公式计算有一定影响。     

协商民主的限制简析

虽然协商民主号称是民主理论的"协商转向",但是协商民主在理论和实践上都面临着诸多限制。协商民主强调以共同善为依据达成共识,但是共同善常常无法达到;协商民主强调以理性对话为主,但是参与者的理性能力是有限的,即使能够完全按照理性来进行协商,也未必能够保证公共利益最大化;协商民主主张由一般民众在公开、透明、平等的情况下进行讨论,但来自政治精英、经济优势阶级、专家学者、媒体的政治操弄始终无法避免。由于这些限制,协商民主无法替代代议民主,它的价值在于培养公民的共和精神和包容、参与、平等的政治文化。     

Development of Latent Fingermarks on Surfaces of Food‐A More Realistic Approach

Latent fingermark developing methods from food (mandarin, egg, banana, apple, potato, carrot, eggplant, onion, bell pepper, and tomato) surface has been studied by 10 methods, including powdering method, small particle reagent method, and cyanoacrylate fuming method. The foods were stored under two conditions (room temperature and refrigerator) before fingermark deposition and aged for 2, 24, 48, and 72 h before fingermark development. In most of the food surfaces used in this study, cyanoacrylate fuming with 80% relative humidity was superior to the powder or small particle reagent methods. The quality of the fingermarks varied depending on the storage conditions before the fingermark deposition (in the refrigerator or at ambient temperature) and the time elapsed since the fingermark deposition. However, the storage conditions before the fingermark deposition and the time elapsed since the fingermark deposition did not show any correlation with the quality of the fingermark.     

Faux Blood Fingermark on Pistol: Latent Fingerprint Developed by Whole Blood

We present a case of a faux blood fingermark, wherein a natural latent fingerprint on the pistol at the crime scene was enhanced by the whole blood of the victim. A male was shot to death. The crime scene investigator did not find any blood fingermark during the collection of evidence, but a blood fingerprint was noticed in the firearms examination. We identified that the fingerprint was of the victim; a series of experiments on the nonporous substrate were then conducted; the death in this case was classified as a suicide. The phenomenon is interesting, and thus, calls for attention of the forensic community.