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181.
Theory and practice in crime prevention and crime reduction have developed and changed significantly, but attention has been focused largely upon conventional forms of crime (especially street crime) and upon situational approaches to their reduction. Drawing on research with a variety of relevant organisations across Europe, this article explores the possibilities of developing more effective crime reduction strategies in respect of organized crime, an area in which (despite important exceptions, particularly in relation to financial regulation), law enforcement rather than prevention has continued to dominate the thinking and the practical responses of the police and other relevant agencies. It illustrates the difficulties of evaluating prevention in the many areas in which data quality on crime levels and their organisation are poor, but also gives examples (mainly financial crime) where private sector data quality are good enough to demonstrate effectiveness. It differentiates impact on crime from impact on the organisation of crime, and between market crimes involving voluntary vice and predatory crimes involving direct harm to victims, concluding that current performance indicators for enforcement agencies may need substantial revision if the focus shifts to organised crime reduction. 相似文献
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Mike Brogden 《Critical Criminology》1990,1(2):13-32
This paper examines the conflicts engaged in by the French Metis of Western Canada with the imperial state during the 19th
century. More specifically, it is argued that the application of criminal labels corresponded to the level of struggle between
the two parties. In the case of the conflict between the Metis and the H.B.C, “economic” forms of crime appeared at the top
of the legal agenda. At a later conjuncture, when the legitimacy of imperial apparatuses was threatened, “political” crimes
were paramount. Finally, with the ideological, institutional and economic hegemony of the Dominion state, the Metis were designated
as “social” criminals. In each of these periods, legal struggles involving the Metis may be understood as surface manifestations
of conflicts over political and economic power.
This paper has benefited considerably from the comments and substantive work of Ron Bourgeault, from the critique of two anonymous
reviewers and from the editorial work of Elizabeth Comack. Further, none of this work would have been undertaken but for the
hospitality and comradeship of the faculty and graduate students at the Centre of Criminology, University of Toronto. 相似文献
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This paper argues that it is important to devote greater attention to the study of entrepreneurship in technology transfer in the light of greater government attention, the growth in the phenomenon, the need to identify how wealth can be created from spin-outs, changes in the cultures of universities and differences with technological entrepreneurship in general. The paper summarizes the contributions made by the papers presented in the special issue in terms of their levels of analysis. At the spin-out level, issues are raised concerning identification of typologies of spin-out firms, the evolution of spin-outs and external resources. At the university level, issues concerning policies, internal resources and processes are discussed. An agenda for further research is elaborated which relates to the need to examine further levels of analysis: the academic entrepreneurs themselves and how they recognize opportunities and shape their ideas to meet the market; the nature of internal university environments, processes and resources; and the nature of the scientific discipline which may have implications for the process of creation and development of spin-out ventures. 相似文献
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