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311.
Which new parties entered national parliaments in advanced democracies over the last four decades and how did they perform after their national breakthrough? This article argues that distinguishing two types of party formation (that facilitate or complicate party institutionalisation) helps to explain why some entries flourish, while others vanish quickly from the national stage. New parties formed by individual entrepreneurs that cannot rely on ties to already organised groups are less likely to get reelected to parliament after breakthrough than rooted newcomers. This hypothesis is tested on a newly compiled dataset of new parties that entered parliaments in 17 advanced democracies from 1968 onwards. Applying multilevel analyses, the factors that shape newcomers' capacity to reenter parliament after breakthrough are assessed. Five factors have significant effects, yet affect party performance only in particular phases: both a party's electoral support at breakthrough and its operation in a system with a strong regional tier increase the likelihood of initial reelection. In contrast, a distinct programmatic profile, the permissiveness of the electoral system and easy access to free broadcasting increase a party's chance of repeated reelection. Only formation type significantly affects both phases and does so most strongly, substantiating the theoretical approach used in this article. 相似文献
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Recent transnational HIV research projects have raised questions about the ethics of research in developing countries, and with good reason. Lower ethical standards are often applied in these settings, yet the field of bioethics has remained relatively quiet on the subject, concerning itself primarily with issues that only affect affluent countries. Here we call for a new focus on equity and human rights in bioethics. 相似文献
315.
Nicole Leeper Piquero 《Trends in Organized Crime》2005,8(4):40-61
Intellectual property refers to the ownership and rights to use creative work that result from intellectual activity. Although
there are four recognized categories of intellectual property (patents, trademarks, trade secrets, and copyright), copyright
violations have garnered much attention of late because of the copying of software, movies, videogames, and music that deny
publishers and authors' economic returns on their property. In order to understand this growing form of theft and the costs
and consequences of such actions, the current research has three foci. First, the types of activities that fall under the
rubric of intellectual property are identified and defined. Second, the causes or theoretical arguments developed to understand
intellectual property theft are identified and discussed. Third, prevention techniques are examined in order to understand
what is currently being done to control and prevent the misuse and theft of intellectual property. A research agenda outlining
data collection efforts is also presented. 相似文献
316.
In 1993 the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada adoptedguidelines entitled Women Refugee Claimants Fearing Gender-RelatedPersecution. The Guidelines represent a cutting edgeapproach and have helped to guarantee a refugee determinationprocess for women refugees that is more sensitive to gender-relatedclaims of asylum. However, the author demonstrates that theconcept of gender-based persecution, as it is presently defined,makes it difficult for members of the Board to systematicallyevaluate all types of gender-related persecution, to which certainmen and women are subjected. The author examines asylum claimsbased on sexual orientation and identity, as well as those basedon persecution specifically inflicted upon men, and argues thatthe gender-specific analytical framework adopted by the Immigrationand Refugee Board is relevant to these cases. The author concludesthat change is needed in the form of a more clearly definedsocial constructionist interpretation of gender. Clearly, defininggender as a socially constructed concept wouldreveal the gender-specific factors that interfere with the rightsof certain men and would make more visible the links betweengender and other causes of persecution, like sexual orientation. 相似文献
317.
Joanne Brewster Ph.D. Michael Stoloff Ph.D. Nicole Sanders B.S. 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2005,30(1):21-34
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the citzen police academies (CPA) in two cities were effective in changing
participants’ attitudes, beliefs, and behavior toward police. Pre-and post-test questionnaires were used to obtain participants’
ratings of their attitudes and beliefs concerning police officers and their willingness to cooperate with police. Participants
were also asked to indicate what cooperative behaviors they had actually engaged in before and/or during the CPA. At the end
of the CPA, participants in both cities rated themselves as having more positive attitudes toward police, and more willingness
to engage in behaviors that would help police. There was also an increase in actual performance of some cooperative behaviors
during the CPA. These changes did not seem to be overly dependent on the jurisdiction (large versus small city), the demographics
of the CPA participants, or the specific characteristics of the CPA curriculum. 相似文献
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Research has shown a link between police officer stress and negative coping strategies, particularly problematic alcohol consumption. Unfortunately, most research on this topic has not been theoretically informed. Agnew's general strain theory (GST) offers a potential theoretical explanation for this relationship. Furthermore, few studies of GST had been conducted on samples other than school-aged adolescents or college students. The purpose of this study was two-fold. First, the authors examined whether GST could explain drinking prevalence and problematic alcohol consumption among police officers. Second, the generalizability of GST to a sample of police officers was examined. Using data collected from a large sample of Baltimore, Maryland police officers, support for GST was found. Consistent with theoretical expectations, multivariate logit and ordinal logit regression models showed that the relationship between work-related strain and drinking prevalence and problematic alcohol consumption was mediated through anxiety/depression. Ideas for future research are discussed. 相似文献