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991.
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Peter Bartlett Nadia Mantovani Kelso Cratsley Claire Dillon Nigel Eastman 《Liverpool Law Review》2010,31(2):155-176
In 1996, the Royal College of Psychiatrists recommended that all psychiatric facilities in the UK develop policies concerning
sexuality and sexual expression for persons contained in those facilities. This paper analyses the prevalence and content
of such policies in English forensic psychiatric facilities. While the College recommends an individualised approach to sexual
and emotional relationships, most hospitals in fact either prohibit or actively discourage such expression as a matter of
policy. The paper considers the advantages and disadvantages of that approach. The paper also considers the legal issues surrounding
these policies, and in particular the legal authority for governing the sexual and emotional expression of hospital residents
and the relevant human rights implications. 相似文献
995.
Despite the salience of health disparities in media and policy discourse, little previous research has investigated if imagery associating an illness with a certain racial group influences public perceptions. This study evaluated the influence of the media's presentation of the causes of type 2 diabetes and its implicit racial associations on attitudes toward people with diabetes and preferences toward research spending. Survey participants who viewed an article on genetic causation or social determinants of diabetes were more likely to support increased government spending on research than those viewing an article with no causal language, while participants viewing an article on behavioral choices were more likely to attribute negative stereotypes to people with diabetes. Participants who viewed a photo of a black woman accompanying the article were less likely to endorse negative stereotypes than those viewing a photo of a white woman, but those who viewed a photo of a glucose-testing device expressed the lowest negative stereotypes. The effect of social determinants language was significantly different for blacks and whites, lowering stereotypes only among blacks. Emphasizing the behavioral causes of diabetes, as is common in media coverage, may perpetuate negative stereotypes. While drawing attention to the social determinants that shape these behaviors could mitigate stereotypes, this strategy is unlikely to influence the public uniformly. 相似文献
996.
Peter Larmour 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2010,53(1):55-66
The leaders of Fiji’s 2006 military coup launched a ‘cleanup campaign’ and set up an Independent Commission Against Corruption.
So far it has brought court cases against about 24 people. Among them is the former Prime Minister, who was charged with corruption
for his role in institutions designed to promote the economic interests of indigenous Fijians (who constitute about 56% of
the population). The article considers what counts as ‘corruption’ in these Affirmative Action policies: a so-called ‘Agriculture
Scam’, which distributed farm implements free to Fijian farmers; a company called Fijian Holdings, which received concessional
finance from the government; and a Native Land Trust Board, which collects rent on behalf of indigenous landowners. It concludes
that army and popular opinion in Fiji hold conceptions of corruption that are much broader than the offences set out in the
country’s penal code, and which the new ICAC is attempting to enforce. 相似文献
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998.
Hamish Stewart 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2010,4(1):17-35
The harm principle, understood as the normative requirement that conduct should be criminalized only if it is harmful, has
difficulty in dealing with those core cases of criminal wrongdoing that can occur without causing any direct harm. Advocates
of the harm principle typically find it implausible to hold that these core cases should not be crimes and so usually seek
out some indirect harm that can justify criminalizing the seemingly harmless conduct. But this strategy justifies criminalization
of a wide range of conduct on the basis of the fear, worry, and anxiety it generates among those who are not the direct victims
of the conduct, and thereby undermines the limiting role of the harm principle by permitting the very move it was meant to
prevent: the criminalization of harmless conduct on the ground of others’ feelings about it. The best way to avoid this dilemma
is to recognize that people have rights, operating independently of the harm principle, to be treated in certain ways just
because they are persons. The existence of such rights provides a ground for both criminalizing conduct and limiting the scope
of criminalization because these rights point both to conduct that people must be permitted to engage in (regardless of its
harmful effects) and conduct that might well be criminalized (though it is not harmful). A complete account of criminal law
will therefore require the harm principle to work together with an independent account of rights. 相似文献
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1000.
Stephen Knack F. Halsey Rogers Jac C. Heckelman 《The Review of International Organizations》2012,7(2):145-176
According to World Bank policy, countries remain eligible to borrow from the IBRD until they are able to sustain long-term development without further recourse to Bank financing. Graduation from IBRD is not an automatic consequence of reaching a particular income level, but rather is supposed to be based on a determination of whether the country has reached a level of institutional development and capital-market access that enables it to sustain its own development process without recourse to Bank funding. This paper takes a positive approach to IBRD graduation policy, investigating what income and non-income factors appear to have influenced graduation status in recent decades, based on panel data for 1982 through 2009. Explanatory variables include the per-capita income of the country, as well as measures of institutional development and market access that are cited as criteria by the graduation policy, and other plausible explanatory variables that capture the levels of economic development and vulnerability of the country. We find that the observed correlates of Bank graduation status are generally consistent with the stated policy. Countries that are wealthier, more creditworthy, more institutionally developed, and are less vulnerable to trade, financial, and other shocks are more likely to be graduates. Predicted probabilities generated by the model conform closely to the actual graduation and de-graduation experiences of Trinidad and Tobago and Korea, among other countries, and suggest that Hungary and Latvia may have graduated prematurely—a prediction subsequently borne out by the large loans that they later received from the IBRD in the wake of the global financial crisis. 相似文献