全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3436篇 |
免费 | 89篇 |
专业分类
各国政治 | 328篇 |
工人农民 | 73篇 |
世界政治 | 366篇 |
外交国际关系 | 256篇 |
法律 | 1264篇 |
中国共产党 | 1篇 |
中国政治 | 23篇 |
政治理论 | 1175篇 |
综合类 | 39篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 10篇 |
2022年 | 14篇 |
2021年 | 33篇 |
2020年 | 61篇 |
2019年 | 59篇 |
2018年 | 99篇 |
2017年 | 118篇 |
2016年 | 119篇 |
2015年 | 77篇 |
2014年 | 93篇 |
2013年 | 599篇 |
2012年 | 87篇 |
2011年 | 102篇 |
2010年 | 86篇 |
2009年 | 124篇 |
2008年 | 152篇 |
2007年 | 140篇 |
2006年 | 101篇 |
2005年 | 109篇 |
2004年 | 106篇 |
2003年 | 86篇 |
2002年 | 95篇 |
2001年 | 71篇 |
2000年 | 64篇 |
1999年 | 68篇 |
1998年 | 61篇 |
1997年 | 55篇 |
1996年 | 46篇 |
1995年 | 57篇 |
1994年 | 47篇 |
1993年 | 45篇 |
1992年 | 29篇 |
1991年 | 49篇 |
1990年 | 26篇 |
1989年 | 41篇 |
1988年 | 32篇 |
1987年 | 36篇 |
1986年 | 50篇 |
1985年 | 15篇 |
1984年 | 25篇 |
1983年 | 30篇 |
1982年 | 31篇 |
1981年 | 19篇 |
1980年 | 27篇 |
1979年 | 17篇 |
1978年 | 22篇 |
1977年 | 16篇 |
1976年 | 16篇 |
1974年 | 20篇 |
1973年 | 8篇 |
排序方式: 共有3525条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
961.
Parson W Brandstätter A Alonso A Brandt N Brinkmann B Carracedo A Corach D Froment O Furac I Grzybowski T Hedberg K Keyser-Tracqui C Kupiec T Lutz-Bonengel S Mevag B Ploski R Schmitter H Schneider P Syndercombe-Court D Sørensen E Thew H Tully G Scheithauer R 《Forensic science international》2004,139(2-3):215-226
This paper presents an overview of the organisation and the results of the collaborative exercises (CE) of the European DNA Profiling (EDNAP) Group's mitochondrial DNA population database project (EMPOP). The aim of the collaborative exercises was to determine whether uniformity of mtDNA sequencing results could be achieved among different laboratories. These were asked to sequence either the complete mtDNA control region or the two hypervariable regions HVI (16024-16365) and HVII (73-340) from DNA extracts, buccal swabs or bloodstains, proceeding in accordance with the protocol and strategies used in each individual laboratory. The results of the collaborative exercises were employed to identify possible sources of errors that could arise during the analysis and interpretation of mtDNA profiles. These findings were taken as a basis to tentatively make suitable arrangements for the construction of a high quality mtDNA database. One hundred fifty mtDNA profiles were submitted to the evaluating laboratory, and disaccording profiles were classified into four groups corresponding to the source of error: clerical errors, sample mix-ups, contaminations and discrepancies with respect to the mtDNA nomenclature. Overall, 14 disaccording haplotypes (16 individual errors) were observed. The errors included 10 clerical errors, 3 interpretation problems, 2 cases of sample mix-up and 1 case of point heteroplasmic mixture, where the 2 sequencing reactions brought inconsistent base calls. This corresponds to an error rate of 10.7% in a virtual mtDNA database consisting of the collaborative exercise results. However, this estimate is still conservative compared to conclusions drawn by authors of meanwhile numerous publications critically reviewing published mtDNA population databases. Our results and earlier published concerns strongly emphasize the need for appropriate safety regulations when mtDNA profiles are compiled for database purposes in order to accomplish the high standard required for mtDNA databases that are used in the forensic context. 相似文献
962.
Padosch SA Schmidt PH Hirsch RD Schyma C Kröner LU Dettmeyer RB Madea B 《Archiv für Kriminologie》2004,214(3-4):65-76
In the USA the frequency of witnessed suicide, i.e. suicide committed in the presence of at least one further individual, is reported to range between 5 and 15%. As up to now no detailed analysis of this special issue has been given in the medicolegal literature, this article presents and discusses a number of cases including 8 males and 1 female (age 19-58 years, mean 41.2 years) who had all committed suicide by inflicting a gunshot to the head. In 3 cases post-mortem blood alcohol concentrations of 1.73, 1.88 and 2.23 g/kg respectively were observed. Toxicological tests produced negative results. 5 cases had a medical history of psychiatric disorder with endogenous depression in 3, chronic alcohol abuse and drug abuse with concomitant psychosis in one case each. As far as the motives were known, domestic arguments were of prevailing importance. With one exception the suicides were committed at home. In 6 cases one witness was present, in 2 cases 2 individuals and in one case 22 persons witnessed the suicide. The reported cases are discussed in comparison with the psychiatric-psychological classification according to McDowell et al. with the aim to provide a solid and comprehensive medicolegal method to distinguish between homicide and suicide. Furthermore aspects of psychiatric sequelae and psychological support of the witnesses, which are also of importance for the forensic pathologist called to the scene, are discussed. 相似文献
963.
Preparation of degraded human DNA under controlled conditions 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
DNA typing through analysis of short tandem repeats (STRs) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) by means of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing are the common methods for the forensic identification of persons and reconstruction of kinship, especially when skeletal human remains have to be analyzed. Furthermore, samples typically found at crime scenes may be both quantitatively and qualitatively inadequate since they may contain very scarce and often degraded DNA due to exposure to heat, light, humidity, and microorganisms. In order to improve the performance of STR typing technology in those cases where DNA availability is limited, it would be desirable to have a source of degraded DNA with known properties. For this purpose, we have developed a method to prepare artificially degraded DNA under controlled conditions. By treatment of genomic DNA with sonication and DNAse I we have produced DNA fragments within a defined range of lengths. STR typing of this degraded DNA with a commercially available multiplex kit could only produce partial profiles as indicated by the absence of STR alleles with sizes >200 bp. This artificially degraded DNA can be used for the improvement and standardization of STR typing protocols when only highly degraded DNA is available for analysis. 相似文献
964.
Aghayev E Thali M Jackowski C Sonnenschein M Yen K Vock P Dirnhofer R 《Journal of forensic sciences》2004,49(4):809-813
A man wearing no protective helmet was struck by a motor vehicle while riding a bicycle. He was loaded on his left side, and the impact point of his head was his occiput on the car roof girder. He was immediately transported to the general hospital, where he passed away. Postmortem examination using multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) revealed an extensively comminuted fracture of the posterior part and the base of the skull. Observed were deep direct and contrecoup brain bruises, with the independent fractures of the roof of the both orbits. Massive subdural and subarachnoidal hemorrhage with cerebral edema and shifting of the mid-line towards left side were also detected. MSCT and autopsy results were compared and the body injuries were correlated to vehicle damages. In conclusion, postmortem imaging is a good forensic visualization tool with great potential for documentation and examination of body injuries and pathology. 相似文献
965.
966.
Zusammenfassung Die analytische Soziologie versucht, komplexe soziale Prozesse zu erkl?ren, indem sie diese sorgf?ltig seziert und den Blick
auf die wichtigsten, konstituierenden Aspekte richtet. Erst durch Sezieren und analytisches Abstrahieren lassen sich die entscheidenden
Elemente und Mechanismen sozialer Prozesse erkennen und verstehen. Im Folgenden arbeiten wir gemeinsame Merkmale von Tocquevilles
über die Demokratie in Amerika und der gegenw?rtigen analytischen Soziologie heraus und behaupten vor diesem Hintergrund, dass der von Tocqueville verfolgte
Erkl?rungsansatz in vielerlei Hinsicht als Vorl?ufer der analytischen Soziologie gelten kann. Um die spezifischen Kennzeichen
von Tocquevilles Zugang verdeutlichen zu k?nnen, werden seine Charakteristika jenen anderer klassischer Ans?tze gegenübergestellt.
Ein Grund dafür, warum es sich auch nach 200 Jahren noch lohnt, Tocqueville zu lesen, ist, dass sein Zugang als frühes Beispiel
für die Erkl?rungskraft des analytischen Ansatzes in der Soziologie gelten kann. Angesichts der methodologischen und theoretischen
Fortschritte seit dem Erscheinen von über die Demokratie in Amerika ist das Werk allerdings eher als Klassiker interessant, als dass es den Rang einer Pflichtlektüre für das Studium der Soziologie
reklamieren k?nnte.
Summary Analytical sociology seeks to explain complex social processes by carefully dissecting them and then bringing into focus their most important constituent components. It is through dissection and analytical abstractions that the important cogs and wheels of social processes are made visible and intelligible. By identifying some common features between Tocqueville’s Democracy in America and contemporary analytical sociology, we argue that the explanatory approach that Tocqueville pursued in many respects is a forerunner to analytical sociology. These features are contrasted with those of other classical approaches in order to highlight the defining characteristics of Tocqueville’s approach. One reason why Tocqueville is still worth reading, 200 years after his birth, is as an early example of the explanatory power of the analytical approach to sociology. However, the methodological and theoretical advances that sociology has undergone since the publication of Democracy in America makes it more interesting as a classic than as a useful source of reference for today’s sociologystudents.
Résumé La sociologie analytique tente d’expliquer des processus sociaux complexes en les décomposant soigneusement pour porter ensuite son regard sur leurs aspects constitutifs les plus importants. Grace à cette démarche, on peut identifier et comprendre les éléments et les mécanismes essentiels constituant les processus sociaux. Nous dégageons dans cet article les caractéristiques communes à De la démocratie en Amérique de Tocqueville et à la sociologie analytique contemporaine. Dans cette perspective, nous prétendons que l’approche explicative développée par Tocqueville peut, à bien des égards, être considérée comme un précurseur de la sociologie analytique. Pour pouvoir mettre en évidence les traits saillants de la démarche adoptée par Tocqueville, nous comparons ses caractéristiques à celles d’autres approches classiques. L’une des raisons pour lesquelles il vaut encore la peine de lire Tocqueville 200 ans après est que sa démarche peut être considérée comme une illustration avant la lettre de la puissance explicative de la méthode analytique en sociologie. Compte tenu des progrès méthodologiques et théoriques réalisés depuis sa parution, De la démocratie en Amérique a cependant plut?t valeur de classique que d’œuvre en mesure de revendiquer le statut de lecture obligatoire pour l’étude de la sociologie.相似文献
967.
In the transition from military rule to democracy, the government of Augusto Pinochet bequeathed to Chile a unique electoral law by which all legislative seats are contested in two-member districts. A key implication of this rule is that in order to secure legislative majorities, coalitions have to put their strongest candidates in the most precarious electoral list positions. This generates a divergence of interests between coalitions and politicians. Chile's largest coalition, the Concertación, has resolved the dilemma by providing appointed posts to unsuccessful congressional candidates who accept personal political risk on the coalition's behalf. This study argues that this insurance system has provided the critical glue to hold the coalition together since Chile's transition to democracy in 1990. Recent changes in the electoral environment could threaten the Concertación's control over the appointed posts that have sustained this informal institution. This could jeopardize the Concertación's cohesion during the process of negotiating coalition candidate lists for the 2005 legislative elections. 相似文献
968.
969.
Peter Nagel 《Australian Journal of Public Administration》2006,65(4):3-16
How should bureaucrats engage effectively and ethically with stakeholders to achieve legitimate policy change? This essay draws upon findings from a case study of the introduction of an evidence‐based rehabilitation program for injured workers with soft‐tissue injuries in a workers' compensation jurisdiction in Australia. Despite initial enthusiasm for collaborative policy reform, clinical associations soon withdrew their support. In a classic case of venue‐shopping, a coalition of clinical associations formed in opposition to the foundation principles of the proposed policy, overturning the bureaucrats' preferred consultation strategy: a think‐tank comprising of invited clinical experts. The policy game turned from highly cooperative to fiercely competitive. These policy upheavals are interpreted through the lens of two theoretical perspectives: Sabatier's Advocacy Coalition framework, and Scharpf's Actor‐centred Institutionalism framework. The contrasts in perspectives are melded into propositions for bureaucrats seeking to engage with stakeholders in a contested policy drama. 相似文献
970.
The present study examined relationships between reduction-in-force (RIF) personnel practices, presentation of statistical evidence, and litigation outcomes. Policy capturing methods were utilized to analyze the components of 115 federal district court opinions involving age discrimination disparate treatment allegations and organizational downsizing. Univariate analyses revealed meaningful links between RIF personnel practices, use of statistical evidence, and judicial verdict. The defendant organization was awarded summary judgment in 73% of the claims included in the study. Judicial decisions in favor of the defendant organization were found to be significantly related to such variables as formal performance appraisal systems, termination decision review within the organization, methods of employee assessment and selection for termination, and the presence of a concrete layoff policy. The use of statistical evidence in ADEA disparate treatment litigation was investigated and found to be a potentially persuasive type of indirect evidence. Legal, personnel, and evidentiary ramifications are reviewed, and a framework of downsizing mechanics emphasizing legal defensibility is presented. 相似文献