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781.
Olaf H. Drummer Dimitri Gerostamoulos Mark Chu Philip Swann Martin Boorman Ian Cairns 《Forensic Science International Supplement Series》2007,170(2-3):105
There were 13,176 roadside drug tests performed in the first year of the random drug-testing program conducted in the state of Victoria. Drugs targeted in the testing were methamphetamines and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). On-site screening was conducted by the police using DrugWipe®, while the driver was still in the vehicle and if positive, a second test on collected oral fluid, using the Rapiscan®, was performed in a specially outfitted “drug bus” located adjacent to the testing area. Oral fluid on presumptive positive cases was sent to the laboratory for confirmation with limits of quantification of 5, 5, and 2 ng/mL for methamphetamine (MA), methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), and THC, respectively. Recovery experiments conducted in the laboratory showed quantitative recovery of analytes from the collector. When oral fluid could not be collected, blood was taken from the driver and sent to the laboratory for confirmation. These roadside tests gave 313 positive cases following GC–MS confirmation. These comprised 269, 118, and 87 cases positive to MA, MDMA, and THC, respectively. The median oral concentrations (undiluted) of MA, MDMA, and THC was 1136, 2724, and 81 ng/mL. The overall drug positive rate was 2.4% of the screened population. This rate was highest in drivers of cars (2.8%). The average age of drivers detected with a positive drug reading was 28 years. Large vehicle (trucks over 4.5 t) drivers were older; on average at 38 years. Females accounted for 19% of all positives, although none of the positive truck drivers were female. There was one false positive to cannabis when the results of both on-site devices were considered and four to methamphetamines. 相似文献
782.
783.
A long-running debate about how voters use issues to evaluate candidates pits the proximity theory of voting against directional theory. Using surveys, both sides of the debate have found support for their preferred theory, but disagreement remains because of differing ways of analyzing the data. Lewis and King (2000) point out that these researchers make assumptions that bias results in favor of their theory. To avoid these difficulties, our approach creates fictitious candidates with controlled positions, presents these candidates to randomly-assigned subjects, and examines the relationship between subjects’ evaluations of these candidates and their ideological beliefs as a neutral test of proximity and directional theory. Our results provide reasonably strong support for proximity theory but little for directional theory. 相似文献
784.
785.
This article reviews proposals regarding the recent food crisis in the context of a broader, threshold debate on the future of agriculture and food security. While the MDGs have focused on eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, the food crisis pushed the hungry over the one billion mark. There is thus a renewed focus on agricultural development, which pivots on the salience of industrial agriculture (as a supply source) in addressing food security. The World Bank's new 'agriculture for development' initiative seeks to improve small-farmer productivity with new inputs, and their incorporation into global markets via value-chains originating in industrial agriculture. An alternative claim, originating in 'food sovereignty' politics, demanding small-farmer rights to develop bio-regionally specific agro-ecological methods and provision for local, rather than global, markets, resonates in the IAASTD report, which implies agribusiness as usual 'is no longer an option'. The basic divide is over whether agriculture is a servant of economic growth, or should be developed as a foundational source of social and ecological sustainability. We review and compare these different paradigmatic approaches to food security, and their political and ecological implications. 相似文献
786.
Philip E. Carlan Lisa S. Nored Ragan A. Downey 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》2011,26(1):4-10
Much of the extant literature regarding women in policing focuses on job stress, perceptions of job performance, and inherent
difficulties associated with their immersion in a traditionally male-dominated profession. Little attention, however, has
been given to perceptions regarding gender and backup preferences among police officers. This study sought to examine the
impact of professional and demographic characteristics of municipal police officers in a southern state on preferences for
male police officers as backup. Multivariate analysis indicated that gender, partner status, race, and marital status significantly
impacted officer preferences for male backup. However, further examination of the interaction effect between gender and partner
status revealed a gap in the preferences for officers with no partners. Although officers with no partners reported lower
overall preferences for male backup than officers with female or male partners, the disparity of preference between male and
female officers with no partners was sizeable. 相似文献
787.
While there has been much emphasis over the last decade on the science of nanotechnology and on the implications and risks
of potential applications, it is now timely to increase attention to the emerging dynamics of nanotechnology commercialization.
This paper examines, from a global perspective, where and how corporations are entering into nanotechnology innovation. The
paper tests the proposition that a significant shift has occurred in recent years in the orientation of corporate nanotechnology
activities—from research discovery to patented applications. It also examines the extent to which the character and structure
of corporate nanotechnology activity by country initially reflects national innovation system characteristics and prior public
research funding inputs in the stage when discovery is most emphasized. The results indicate that national innovation systems
characteristics are significant factors in the commercialization shift of nanotechnology and highlight the importance of innovation
system policy factors. We also observe the influence of cross-border international invention linkages, suggesting that national
innovation policies also need to be open and international in orientation. 相似文献
788.
Suely K. S. S. Porto M.S. Thiago Nogueira Ph.D. Lucas Blanes Ph.D. Philip Doble Ph.D. Bruno D. Sabino Ph.D. Claudimir L. do Lago Ph.D. Lúcio Angnes Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(6):1622-1626
A method for the identification of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and meta‐chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) was developed employing capillary electrophoresis (CE) with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D). Sample extraction, separation, and detection of “Ecstasy” tablets were performed in <10 min without sample derivatization. The separation electrolyte was 20 mm TAPS/Lithium, pH 8.7. Average minimal detectable amounts for MDMA and mCPP were 0.04 mg/tablet, several orders of magnitude lower than the minimum amount encountered in a tablet. Seven different Ecstasy tablets seized in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, were analyzed by CE‐C4D and compared against routine gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The CE method demonstrated sufficient selectivity to discriminate the two target drugs, MDMA and mCPP, from the other drugs present in seizures, namely amphepramone, fenproporex, caffeine, lidocaine, and cocaine. Separation was performed in <90 sec. The advantages of using C4D instead of traditional CE‐UV methods for in‐field analysis are also discussed. 相似文献
789.
This paper considers how the UK Regulator, in collaboration with stakeholders, is attempting to create a new market opportunity for advanced networked services using interleaved Digital Terrestrial Television (DTTV) Whitespace, that is, valuable spectrum released and reorganised post the digital switchover. It discusses inter alia a key issue, which is how the Regulator will balance the technical requirements needed to create a commercially viable network, against his competing obligation under the Communications Act 2003 to maintain order and avoid interference to DTTV and Programme Making & Special Event (PMSE) users. Particular consideration is given to the outcome of field trials and areas of forward risk for the Regulator. 相似文献
790.
This paper discusses the recent developments in public affairs in Hungary from a historical perspective. The country's communist/socialist past and the relative novelty of the public affairs industry paint an interesting picture of the evolution and the direction of this field. The paper covers the political and economic processes starting from the transition period through recent events. Although there have been several promising developments in the area of public affairs and corporate lobbying during the last 20+ years, Hungary's increasingly anti-democratic policies, corruption scandals, and centralized decision-making processes have hindered the proper functioning of the public affairs profession and have limited the influence of corporations and interest groups in the country. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献