Retrenchment and freedom of information: recent experience under federal,Ontario and British Columbia law

Abstract: A large majority of Canada's federal, provincial, territorial and local governments are now required to comply with freedom of information (foi) laws. Some critics have argued that long-standing problems of non-compliance have been aggravated during the recent period of public-sector retrenchment. However, good evidence of non-compliance has been lacking. In this study, statistical reports produced by government institutions are used to assess recent trends in the administration of the federal Access to Information Act and Ontario's Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act. Limited data are also used to study British Columbia's foi law. Data suggest that policy decisions in these three jurisdictions have led to a weakening of foi laws. Three reforms are proposed: better reporting by departments and agencies on their handling of foi requests; a change in the enforcement strategy traditionally used by federal and provincial information commissioners; and a reconsideration of methods used to levy fees on individuals and organizations who make foi requests. Sommaire: Au Canada, la vaste majorité des gouvemements fédéral, provinciaux, territoriaux et locaux doivent aujourd'hui se conformer aux lois sur l'accès à l'information (laX). Selon certains, les problèmes de non-conformité, qui ne datent pas d'hier, ont été aggravés lors des récentes coupures subies par le secteur public. Les études sur la non-conformité manquent cependant. Dans le cadre de cette étude, A nous faisons appel à des statistiques produites par des institutions gouvernementales, afin d'évaluer les demières tendances de l'administration de la Loi fédérale sur l'accès à l'information ainsi que de la Loi ontarienne sur l'accès à l'information et la protection de la vie privée. On y analyse également la lai de la Colombie-Britannique en fonction de données limitées. Selon les données, les décisions en matière de politique dans ces trois juridictions auraient affaibli les lai. L'auteur propose trois réformes: les ministères et les organismes devraient mieux rendre compte de la manière dont ils traitent les demandes concernant les lai; la stratégic d'application traditionnelle que suivent les commissaires à l'information fédéraux et provinciaux devrait subir des modifications; enfin, on devrait revoir les méthodes employées pour imposer les tarifs aux particuliers ou aux organismes qui font des demandes en vertu des lai.     

Shaking Hands with Hitler: The Politics‐Administration Dichotomy and Engagement with Fascism

Researchers have examined the impact of the politics‐administration dichotomy on the practice and theory of public administration within the United States. But the dichotomy also influenced patterns of international engagement by American experts in the 1920s and 1930s. Americans believed that they could set politics aside and collaborate on administrative questions with regimes that did not respect democracy and human rights. This belief was tested after the rise of Adolf Hitler. American experts in public administration engaged with the Nazi regime for three years, ignoring the rising controversy over Nazi policies. The breaking point came in 1936. American experts finally recognized that it was impossible to ignore political questions and became forthright proponents of “democratic administration.” This struggle to define the boundaries of international engagement is relevant today, as specialists in public administration again find themselves in a world in which a shared commitment to democracy and human rights cannot be taken for granted.     

Characterization of Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Heteroplasmy in Blood Tissue and Hair as a Function of Hair Morphology*,†,‡

Abstract: This study characterizes mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence heteroplasmy in blood tissue and hair as a function of hair morphology. Bloodstains (127 individuals) and head hairs (128 individuals) were typed using the mtDNA LINEAR ARRAY? assay. A total of 1589 hairs were interpreted: 1478 (93%) were homoplasmic and 111 (7%) exhibited heteroplasmy at one or more positions. Seventy‐one percent (82/116) of individuals were homoplasmic, whereas 29% (34/116) exhibited heteroplasmy in at least one hair. The results demonstrate intra‐ and inter‐tissue differences in heteroplasmy within individuals. Sequence heteroplasmy among hairs from each individual varied from 0 to 90%; the frequency does not differ significantly with population group, cosmetic treatment, age, gender, medulla morphology, region of the scalp, hair growth phase, or, when comparing living and deceased donors. However, the results support a correlation between heteroplasmy and hair pigmentation; typically, lighter‐pigmented hairs exhibit a higher incidence of sequence heteroplasmy compared to darker hairs.     

SURVIVING BENCH STRESS

The article presents a discussion of judicial stress, along with proposed solutions. The authors gathered information on the topic of judicial stress from judges via a survey and attendance at two Association of Family and Conciliation Courts (AFCC) conventions. Some of the daily stressors endorsed by judges included endless caseloads, severe time limitations, social isolation, lack of privacy, and the weight of deciding the fates of others. It is important for our judges to be provided with ways of relieving and preventing burnout and stress. Proposed bench stress solutions include incorporating the Psychologist Advocate Program into the judicial system and creating specific guidelines for judges to take sabbaticals, which will serve to enhance our judicial system and the entire community.     

STR melting curve analysis as a genetic screening tool for crime scene samples

In this proof-of-concept study, high-resolution melt curve (HRMC) analysis was investigated as a postquantification screening tool to discriminate human CSF1PO and THO1 genotypes amplified with mini-STR primers in the presence of SYBR Green or LCGreen Plus dyes. A total of 12 CSF1PO and 11 HUMTHO1 genotypes were analyzed on the LightScanner HR96 and LS-32 systems and were correctly differentiated based upon their respective melt profiles. Short STR amplicon melt curves were affected by repeat number, and single-source and mixed DNA samples were additionally differentiated by the formation of heteroduplexes. Melting curves were shown to be unique and reproducible from DNA quantities ranging from 20 to 0.4 ng and distinguished identical from nonidentical genotypes from DNA derived from different biological fluids and compromised samples. Thus, a method is described which can assess both the quantity and the possible probative value of samples without full genotyping.