On the waves: a new kind of surf in Rio de Janeiro

Surfmen are thus called young daredevils who climb to the roof of suburban trains in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and vie with each other in agility and prowess, some of them often falling on the railway tracks and being killed. The practice started as a need to hang on anything outside the crowded train and became a sport of sorts. Even though repressed by the railway authorities and punished by fines and imprisonment, the practice has been going on since the eighties and developed into a competition with rules, code of honour, grading of achievement. It became a means of improving self-esteem as well as securing leadership and social prestige by people who otherwise carry on lives devoid of any charm or ludic stimulus. A substitute behavior, it results from processes of cultural elaboration at work in the youth culture of our cities.     

Anarchism, Internationalism and Nationalism in Europe, 1860–1939

This article is part of a broader project on the social history or histories of anarchism. The standard accounts of anarchism (Nettlau, Joll, Woodcock, Marshall etc.) have been combinations of the histories of ideas and political/social movements. A larger project I am engaged in uses another methodology and is reliant upon the vast outpouring of published and unpublished academic writing on social history that has been produced since the 1960s. I will cover only several interconnected themes here: anarchism, internationalism and nationalism in Europe. This article will give a synoptic overview of the internationalism of the European anarchist and syndicalist movements during the “classical” period of anarchism (1860–1939). It focuses on the First and Second Internationals and the birth of the Third. It examines the ideology and culture of Internationalism, which was the nursery of the modern anarchist movement. The linkage between federalist and regionalist republicanism is stressed and the legacy of the Paris Commune of 1871 is highlighted. The desire to secure a global level playing field in labour markets promoted labour internationalism during the First International and a revival of this strategy by anarchists and syndicalists during the era of the Second International. The mismatch of industrial development and union density between industrialised Britain or Germany and artisanal and industrialising France and southern Europe limited internationalism in the 1860s and the 1900s. Equally the patriotic legacy of the Commune of Paris undermined the internationalism of anarchists and syndicalists when war broke out in 1914. In 1917–1918 anarchist and syndicalist internationalism seemed to be revived as Europe entered a period of revolutionary discontent. But very quickly the Bolsheviks and the Soviet Union channelled this wave into the Third International and ultimately the interests of the newly born Soviet State. Anarchist and syndicalist internationalism had little effect on the fortunes of the anarchists in the Spanish Civil War in a world of nation‐states and state‐centric political parties and movements.     

社会公众心理偏见与警察公共关系建设

社会公众心理偏见使整个警察群体形象受到致命的冲击和破坏,它实质上反映了公安工作和公安队伍建设中许多内在深层次的问题。警察公共关系指警察组织与社会公众之间建立起相互了解和依赖的关系,并通过双向交流,在社会公众中树立良好的形象和信誉,以取得理解、支持和合作,使组织适应于环境,并努力使环境适应于自己,从而促进组织的发展和目标的实现。     

Sustainable Development as a Policy Telos: A New Approach to Political Problem-Solving

The world seems to be characterized by political pluralization (the emergence of 'polities' other than the nation state) in addition to an already existing state of moral pluralism. This severely complicates political attempts at problem-solving on, for example, a global scale. One of the most stressing potential problems is the coexistence of mutually effacing or contradictory systems of political norms. To tackle such problems, we argue that policy teloi – shared conceptions giving direction to cooperative political ventures (particularly sustainable development ) – can be helpful. The conditions of success for policy teloi in the case of environmental sustainability are investigated.     

论刑事政策的概念与范围

政策在古代汉语、英语中,各有解释。国外学者也有不同的定义。学者对刑事政策所下定义各不相同。对其进行初步整合与重新定义。     

1946～1947年美国对华军火禁运的几个问题

1946~1947年美国对华军火禁运是解放战争时期美国对华政策的一个重要举措。在马歇尔调停期间,为了压制蒋介石配合调停,1946年7月29日马歇尔宣布停止向国民政府提供美援。在蒋介石未做出相应回应的前提下,8月18日杜鲁门总统认可了这一禁令。这项为调停而设计的政策,并没有产生马歇尔预期的影响。不过,它部分地导致了国民党军队军火供应的严重短缺。针对军火禁运给国民党军队所带来的负面影响,围绕着禁令的解除,美国国务院与军方展开了激烈辩论,在国际冷战加剧的背景下,美国国务院最终同意解除对华军火禁运。