Northern Lights: From Swedish Realism to Sociology of Law

This article is a contribution to the occasional series dealing with major books that have influenced the authors. Previous contributors include Stewart Macaulay, John Griffith, William Twining, Carol Harlow, Geoffrey Bindman, Harry Arthurs, André‐Jean Arnaud, Alan Hunt, Michael Adler, Lawrence O. Gostin, John P. Heinz, and Roger Brownsword.     

Law in Culture

Abstract. The relationship of law and culture has long been a concern of legal anthropology and sociology of law. But it is recognised today as a central issue in many different kinds of juristic inquiries. All these recent invocations of the concept of culture indicate or imply problems at the boundaries of established thought about either the nature of law or the values that law is thought to express or reflect. The consequence is that legal theory must, it seems, now systematically take account of the notion of culture. The present paper asks how this might best be done. I argue that a concept of culture, as such, is of limited utility for legal theory because the term “culture” embraces a too indefinite and disparate range of phenomena. But legal theory needs conceptual resources to consider at a general level the relations of law and culture. This paper suggests that these resources should include, above all, a rigorous distinguishing of different abstract types of community. Legal theory requires a sociologically‐informed concept of community. What is encompassed by the vague idea of culture is actually the content of different types of social relations of community and the networks (combinations) in which they exist.     

Police use of force: examining the relationship between calls for service and the balance of police force and suspect resistance

Over the past decade, the use of force by the police has become an important public policy concern and topic of social science research. A number of researchers hypothesized about the factors that explain the amount of force used by police officers. Prior research focused almost exclusively on the highest level of force used in police-citizen interactions and neglected to examine the relative amount of forced used by the police compared to that used by suspects. To address this shortcoming, this study analyzed data from three years of official use-of-force reports in the Miami-Dade Police Department (MDPD). Contrary to studies that examine only the use of force by the police, this study found that the relative amount of force used by the police was greatest in the less threatening types of offenses. The implications of this study for research and policy are discussed.     

Weather‐vane federalism: Reconsidering federal social policy leadership

Abstract: This article advances analytic and normative debates about intergovernmental hierarchy in Canada. It explores interaction between traditional federal spending and other tools, including structuring investments, accountability, and expertise, with which Ottawa is reasserting leadership over program development in areas such as child care. The author finds that federal spending power remains strong enough to entice provincial and territorial (pt ) governments to the negotiation table and give Ottawa leverage over pt priorities. This strength persists even when structuring investments are insufficient to achieve notable innovation. However, federal leverage is vulnerable to significant shifts in direction once transfers are subject to the political winds in provinces and territories. This weather‐vane leadership pattern is rooted in intergovernmental accountability practices, which now insist that senior governments report only to citizens, not to one another. Current reporting practices leave citizens poorly positioned to access the data or expertise necessary to audit pt use of federal transfers. Thus, as normative debates about intergovernmen‐talism renew with the election of a federal Conservative government that campaigned to address the fiscal imbalance, decision‐makers should be mindful that Ottawa's ongoing strength to direct pt priorities is unmatched by effective accountability measures. Sommaire: Cet article fait progresser les débats analytiques et normatifs au sujet de la hiérarchie intergouvernementale au Canada. Il étudie l'interaction entre les dépenses fédérales traditionnelles et d'autres outils, tels que les investissements dans la structuration, l'obligation redditionnelle et l'expertise, grâce auxquels Ottawa réaffirme son leadership sur l'élaboration de programmes dans des domaines comme les services de garde des enfants. L'auteur estime que le pouvoir d'application des ressources du fédéral demeure assez fort pour inciter les gouvernements provinciaux et territoriaux (pt ) à venir à la table de négociation et pour donner à Ottawa une influence sur les priorités des pt . Cette force persiste même lorsque les investissements de structuration sont insuffisants pour parvenir à une innovation notoire. Cependant, l'influence fédérale est exposée à d'importants changements de direction une fois que les transferts sont assujettis aux influences politiques dans les provinces et les territoires. Ce modèle de direction girouette est enraciné dans des méthodes de reddition de comptes intergouvernementales, qui insistent maintenant pour que les gouvernements ne fassent des comptes rendus qu'aux citoyens et non entre eux. Les pratiques actuelles en matière de reddition font que les citoyens sont en mauvaise posture pour avoir accès aux données ou à l'expertise nécessaire pour vérifier l'usage des transferts fédéraux par les pt . Ainsi, alors que les débats normatifs au sujet de l'intergouvernementalisme reprennent avec l'élection d'un gouvernement fédéral conservateur qui a fait campagne pour redresser le déséquilibre fiscal, les décisionnaires devraient prendre conscience que les efforts soutenus d'Ottawa pour diriger les priorités des pt ne sont pas assortis de mesures efficaces en matière de reddition de comptes.     

Sex differences in the experience of child sexual victimization

This study analyzed 390 (303 girls and 87 boys) cases of child sexual abuse to understand sex differences in child sexual victimization. Analyses focused on three domains that have received considerable empirical attention: victims' relationships with the offender, type and extent of abuse, and disclosure. Findings largely replicated previous efforts that reported sex differences in terms of victims' relationships with offenders. Although results also replicated previous findings about sex differences in disclosure patterns, these sex differences were minor in comparison with similarities in the way most instances of abuse were eventually identified. In terms of type and extent of abuse, results were the opposite of previous findings: girls, not boys, were the victims of more physical injury, violent threats, and use of force; and girls, not boys, were more likely to have physically resisted abuse. Divergences in findings were interpreted in terms of memory biases and social forces operating differently on the sexes.     

Household dissolution, child care and divorce law

This paper sets up a model of household dissolution in which one party decides to leave a household that contains children. We study the effects of divorce law on this decision and, in particular, the role of legal provisions governing the post-dissolution care of the household’s children. In particular, we show that there is an inevitable tension between achieving efficiency in marriage and at the same time achieving efficiency in divorce.     

State Spaceport Initiatives: Economic and Political Innovation in an Intergovernmental Context

State spaceports are an interesting example of intergovernmentalrelations because activities conducted at such facilities spanthe state, federal, and international realms. Five states—Alaska,California, Florida, New Mexico, and Virginia—are themost visible participants in the process. In this study, thesupporting rationales for such endeavors are discussed withinthe context of the broader contours of intergovernmental relations.The field is a product of the post-Cold War period during whichopportunities for state space activities arose due to changesin the national security environment. Three distinct but interrelatedexplanations are suggested for why the field has developed slowly,although during the past two years, progress in achieving goalshas begun to occur.     

Margaret M. deGuzman and Valerie Oosterveld (eds.), The Elgar Companion to the International Criminal Court,Elgar, Cheltenham/Northampton, 2020, 431 pp

Criminal Law Forum -