Canadian diplomatic representation in the United States

Abstract. Describing Canadian diplomatic representation in the United States presents a difficult task. The Canadian Embassy in Washington is a large and complex organization, housing diverse departmental representatives from Ottawa who have varied interests and perform different functions. Over a dozen departments and agencies, in addition to the Department of External Affairs, are actively represented in the United States. The Canadian Embassy is therefore an ‘organizational umbrella’ under which all Canadian governmental activity in the United States is subsumed. The organizational difficulties of Canadian representation are further complicated by the Washington diplomatic environment, in which some 123 nations compete to further their interests. Canadian diplomatic representation in the United States, extremely important given the American impact on Canadian policies, has become even more so because of increasingly divergent Canadian and us policies. One of the fundamental questions now facing Canadians is how to manage and administer this extraordinarily complex relationship. This article examines how Canadian representation in the United States began, how Canadian officials in the United States are organized, and what their representational functions are. First a short history is given of the development of the Legation and the Embassy in Washington and an analysis of the ministers and ambassadors who have served as head of post. Then the organizational components of the Embassy are examined: the ambassador and deputy head of post; the Political and Economic Sections; the Office of Information and the Canadian Government Office of Tourism; the Canadian Defence Liaison Staff and the Supply and Services Division; and the Post Central Administration. Police Liaison Division, and the National Research Council. Their internal organization, the functions of the units, and their interrelationships with each other and Ottawa are investigated. A concluding section summarizes the problems still to be resolved. Sommaire. La représentation diplomatique canadienne aux Etats-Unis est une tâche difficile. L'ambassade canadienne à Washington est une vaste organisation complexe qui abrite des représentants de ministères ayant des intérês particuliers et remplissant des fonctions différentes. Il y a, en effet, plus de douze ministères et organismes, en plus du Ministère des Affaires extérieures, qui sont représentés aux Etats-Unis. L'ambassade canadienne est donc une organisation regroupant toute l'activité gouvernementale canadienne aux Etats-Unis. Les difficultés administratives de la représentation canadienne aux Etats-Unis sont encore compliquées par le milieu diplomatique de Washington où quelque 123 pays essaient de faire valoir leurs intérêts. Il n'en reste pas moins, quelles que soient les difficultés, que la représentation diplomatique canadienne est une tâche extrêmement importante étant donné l'impact des Etats-Unis sur les politiques canadiennes et elle a encore augmenté d'importance du fait de la divergence croissante des politiques canadiennes et américaines. L'un des problemes fondanientaux des politiques canadiennes est maintenant de savoir comment le Canada est organisé pour diriger et administrer ses relations extrêmement complexes avec les Etats-Unis. L'auteur de cet article examine l'un des aspects de cette question générale en considérant comment la représentation canadienne a commencé aux Etats-Unis, comment les representants canadiens y sont organisés et ce que leurs fonctions. Il presente d'abord un court historique du développement de la légation et de l'ambassade à Washington et les Ministres et les Ambassadeurs qui en ont eu la direction. Il analyse ensuite les différents services de l'ambassade: les fonctions de l'ambassadeur et de son second, les sections éconorniques et politiques, le service d'information et le bureau du tourisme du Gouvernement canadien, le personnel canadien de liaison pour la défense, le service d'intendance, l'administration centrale, le service de liaison policière et le Conseil national de recherche. Il examine dans chaque section l'organisation interne, les fonctions des différents éléments ainsi que les rapports qu'ils ont entre eux et avec Ottawa. Il expose en terminant les difficultés que présente la représentation diplomatique canadienne aux Etats-Unis.     

Information,special interests,and single-issue voting

The purpose of this paper has been to explore some of the implications of single-issue voting. In general terms, single-issue voting has been shown to be a stabilizing influence on majoritarian decision making. In each case examined, stable equilibria exist under single-issue voting. On the other hand, the normative properties of electoral outcomes are less clear cut. Under pure zealotry, electoral equilibria are uniformly Pareto efficient. However, electoral outcomes are not necessarily Pareto optimal in the case of strategic voting by special interest groups. The results suggest that single-issue voting can, by itself, cause electoral outcomes to depart from the center of the distribution of voter ideal points. Special interest groups might, thus, be served in the ordinary course of electoral politics even if they had no recourse to campaign contributions or rent-seeking activities which induce principal-agent problems. Voters who cast their votes as if they were single-issue voters can affect policy at both the largely ignored margins and in the mainstream of policy formation. Voting is enough.     

Corrections

The introductory statement accompanying the article Hong KongTrusts-A Moveable Feast? by Peter Hodson, Bank of Bermuda, HongKong, should have read: "The exportation of trusts from one jurisdiction to anotheris an established element in trust administration". The spelling was somewhat irregular. My apologies to Mr Hodson and the Bank of Bermuda Roger Shier     

Fiscal, Service, and Political Impacts of Indianapolis-Marion County's Unigov

This article describes how city and county governments were,and were not, consolidated under Unigov in 1969, a measure thatfell substantially short of a complete consolidation. The articlethen reviews the available evidence concerning Unigov's effectson service delivery and performance, public finance, economicdevelopment, and voter participation. The available record suggeststhat Unigov has enhanced (1) the stability of Indianapolis'political leadership by establishing one-party control of localgovernment; (2) the effectiveness of its economic developmentstrategy of public subsidization of private developments; and(3) the ability of Indianapolis to shift a greater share ofthe burden for its expenditures to the state and federal governments.There is little evidence that Unigov has (1) reduced the numberof service provision, production, or taxing units in the county;(2) improved central-city residents' satisfaction with theirlocal public services; or (3) effected a substantial redistributionof the financial base for those local services. Instead, thereis some evidence to the contrary.     

Fatal Phenol Toxicity Following Attempted Tattoo Removal

Tattoo removal is increasingly required as the number of, particularly young, people acquiring tattoos is increasing. A 21‐year‐old man is reported who underwent attempted removal of large dragon tattoo utilizing a tattoo machine that injected a phenol‐containing solution. At the end of the 3‐h procedure, he collapsed and died. At autopsy, large areas of white skin discoloration with focal necrosis and sloughing were present overlying areas of previous tattooing. Histological examination showed collections of eosinophilic fluid with a minimal chronic inflammatory infiltrate in better preserved areas, with focal areas of dermal necrosis. Toxicology was positive for phenol in cardiac blood and liver tissue. There were no underlying organic disease or injuries present which could have caused or contributed to death. This idiosyncratic method of tattoo removal involving subcutaneous injection of phenol had resulted in death most likely from cardiotoxicity.     

Variable Presentations of Lethal Colloid Cysts

Four cases of colloid cysts that led to death are reported to demonstrate their nonspecific and protean presentations at autopsy: a 27‐year‐old man with severe occipital headache, blurred vision, drowsiness and vomiting; a 44‐year‐old man with recent memory disturbance; a 54‐year‐old man with head and neck pains, tiredness, urinary incontinence, confusion, and drowsiness; and a 66‐year‐old man with severe frontal headache, gait disturbance, vomiting, and syncope with a previous episode of confusion and disorientation. Each death was due to an occult colloid cyst obstructing the foramen of Monro causing acute hydrocephalus. Nonspecific manifestations may mean that the diagnosis of colloid cyst is only made at the time of autopsy. The possibility of rare cases being familial may necessitate medical review of family members. Forensic evaluation should identify how a colloid cyst was related to the mechanism of death and whether there are any features that were associated with precipitate decline.     

Blunt Craniofacial Trauma as a Manifestation of Excited Delirium Caused by New Psychoactive Substances

The body of a 19‐year‐old male was found apparently concealed underneath bushes with recent head and facial trauma, and multiple superficial abrasions. Subsequently, it was discovered that the decedent had been running into objects and buildings following the ingestion the evening before of what was thought to be lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Blood staining of a nearby wall close to where the body was lying was in keeping with the described behavior. Toxicology revealed 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (Ecstasy), in addition to two only recently available drugs 2‐(4‐bromo‐2,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐N‐[(2‐methoxyphenyl)methyl]ethanamine, (25B‐NBOMe), and 1‐(3,4‐methylenedioxyphenyl)‐2‐(1‐pyrrolidinyl)‐1‐butanone, (MDPBP). At autopsy, the skull was fractured with cerebral swelling, contusions, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Death was due to blunt cranial trauma against a background of mixed drug toxicity. The case demonstrates a rare cause of death in a drug‐induced acute delirium, as well as highlighting two new designer street drugs that may result in significant aberrant behavior.