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101.
Ronald D. Brunner 《Policy Sciences》1983,16(2):97-125
Variable-wise analysis operates on columns of a typical data matrix, while case-wise analysis operates on rows. In the latter, each observation is construed in the context of all other observations on the same case, and the analysis is biased toward the definition of ideal types. This article explores the potential of case-wise policy analysis using survey data on the burden of high energy costs at the household level. The case-wise and variable-wise alternatives are associated with different policy goals and result in quite different priorities for allocating public assistance to households most in need. The article concludes with a discussion of reasons for institutionalizing the case-wise alternative through periodic data collection and reporting systems. 相似文献
102.
The formation and initial efforts of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences Accreditation and Standards Committee are described. The rationale for the accreditation guidelines adopted by the Academy is explained. Further efforts of the Committee to achieve the goal of the designation of the Academy as the accreditation agency for postsecondary criminal justice education programs are set forth. 相似文献
103.
Over the last several years, criminal justice education In the United States has increased dramatically. Much of this growth
has been in response to the needs of an evolving criminal justice field. However, there is some concern among professionals
that the criminal justice system needs to be impacted more directly, and that institutions of higher learning need to be impetus
for this change. To complete this task, curricula in higher education programs need to become more relevant to the needs of
the system, while not ignoring the student of the educational system. This article examines the use of competency-based education
(CBE) as a model that will serve the criminal justice student of today and the criminal justice system of tomorrow. 相似文献
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108.
Ronald F. Becker J.D. 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》1995,10(3):9-12
Often societies perceptions can be shaped by the media not only by what it reports but by how it is reported. This article
discusses the impact that the American media has had on the social perception that the insanity defense is too often successfully
used to avoid legal and criminal culpability. Many of the procedural obstacles associated with the assertion of an insanity
defense are poorly understood or ignored. The article further address some of the less attractive characteristics associated
with the assertion of the insanity defense that are not procedurally founded but nonetheless serve as an impediment the wide
spread use of the defense. In conclusion the insanity defense is submitted as an unavoidable necessary evil in a civilized
society that incarcerates its criminals. 相似文献
109.
Since the end of the Cold War, security studies have broadened to take into account a wide range of non‐military threats ranging from poverty to environmental concerns rather than just national defence. Security scholars, backed by international organizations and a growing number of national governments, have developed the concept of ‘human security’, focusing on the welfare of ordinary people against a broad range of threats. This has aroused vigorous debate. The first part of this article proposes an analytical model of human security. The second part argues that it is important to measure how ordinary people perceive risks, moving beyond state‐centric notions of human security. New evidence is examined that draws upon survey items specially designed to monitor perceptions of human security, included for the first time in the sixth wave of the World Values Survey (WVS), with fieldwork conducted in 2010–12. The third part demonstrates that people distinguish three dimensions – national, community and personal security – and then explores some structural determinants driving these perceptions. The fourth part discusses why perceptions of human security matter, particularly for explaining cultural values and value change around the world. The conclusion argues that the shift from a narrow focus on military security toward the broader concept of human security is a natural response to the changing challenges facing developed societies, in which the cost‐benefit ratio concerning war has become negative and cultural changes have made war less acceptable. In this setting, valid measures of perceptions of human security have become essential, both to understand the determinants of the concept among ordinary people and to analyze their consequences. 相似文献
110.
Ma R Shimmon R McDonagh A Maynard P Lennard C Roux C 《Forensic science international》2012,217(1-3):e23-e26
This article describes the use of an anti-Stokes luminescent material (upconverter), yttrium vanadate doped with ytterbium and erbium (YVO(4):Er,Yb), for the development of latent fingermarks on a range of non-porous surfaces. Anti-Stokes luminescent materials emit light at shorter wavelengths than the excitation wavelength. This property is unusual in both natural and artificial materials commonly found as exhibits in forensic science casework. As a result, fingermark detection techniques based on anti-Stokes luminescence are potentially extremely sensitive and selective. Latent fingermarks on non-luminescent and inherently luminescent substrates, including Australian polymer banknotes (a well-known 'difficult' surface), were developed with YVO(4):Er,Yb by dry powder and wet powder techniques. The effectiveness of YVO(4):Er,Yb for fingermark detection was compared with that of cyanoacrylate fuming and of sodium yttrium tetrafluoride doped with ytterbium and erbium (NaYF(4):Er,Yb). The results illustrate some benefit of luminescent up-converting phosphors over traditional luminescence techniques for the detection of latent fingermarks. 相似文献