相对集中行政许可权:深化我国行政许可制度改革的方向

建构服务型行政许可制度是我国许可制度改革的目标。实践证明 ,“一楼式”和“一站式”行政许可模式均不能根本解决我国面临的许可服务质量问题。必须进行相对集中行政许可权的制度创新 ,整合行政许可职能、建立独立的行政许可执行机关并完善相关的配套制度 ,方能建立与社会主义市场经济体制和WTO规则相适应的行政许可制度     

Pesticide intoxications in the Centre of Portugal: three years analysis

Pesticides are used in most countries around the world to protect agricultural and horticultural crops against damage. Poisoning by these toxicant agents occurs as a result of misuse or accidental exposure, and also by oral ingestion (voluntary or not). In Portugal, pesticide intoxications are still a cause of death, found in a considerable number of cases. The authors retrospectively examined the cases of pesticide poisoning in the Centre of Portugal, from autopsies performed in the Forensic Pathology Service of Coimbra's Delegation of the National Institute of Legal Medicine (NILM) and from other autopsies carried out in the Centre of Portugal, as well as some samples taken in hospitals in cases of suspected intoxication. In this study, the positive cases have been especially studied, in order to identify the pesticide used, as well as the etiology. The frequency of intoxications and its distribution by sex and age were also analyzed. Between January 2000 and December 2002, the Forensic Toxicology Laboratory received 639 pesticide analysis requests. In 2000, in a total of 149 analysis requests, 30 cases were positive, 63.3% from male individuals and 36.7% from female. In 2001, the analysis requests increased to 240 as well as the positive cases (43), 74.4% from male individuals and 25.6% from female and in 2002, the total cases analyzed also increased to 250, with 38 positive (73.6% from male individuals and 26.4% from female). Among the pesticides, organophosphorus insecticides still constitute the most important class detected in forensic intoxications, representing 63% of the total positive cases, followed by herbicides, with 33% of the positive results. Quinalphos is the most important organophosphorus insecticide, present in 32 of the 111 positive cases, followed by the herbicide paraquat, detected in 31 cases. The study emphasizes the increasing number of pesticide analyses, particularly relevant for the organophosphorus compounds and herbicides. Intoxication suspicion, accidental or voluntary, seems to be the most common cause of the incidents, for which analyses are requested, but it is also evident that the putative cause is unknown in a large number of cases. Therefore, more stringent legislation and enforcement regarding the sale and distribution of these toxic substances are needed.     

论洗钱罪的立法不足与完善

当前,洗钱犯罪形势越来越严峻,世界各国也在不断完善其立法,以适应这一形势的需要。同时,《联合国反腐败公约》的通过也表达了各国的共同要求。我国关于洗钱犯罪的立法和国际要求还有一定的差距,完善我国洗钱犯罪的立法也是迫在眉睫。     

Y-chromosome STR haplotypes in two population samples: Azores Islands and Central Portugal

The Y-chromosome haplotypes defined by nine STRs (DYS19, DYS385, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392 and DYS393) were studied in 207 unrelated individuals from Central Portugal and 63 from Azores Islands. The most common haplotype in Central Portugal was shared by 3.4% of the males, while 160 haplotypes were unique. In Azores Islands the most common haplotype was shared by 6.4% of the males, while 40 haplotypes were unique. The values of haplotype diversity were 0.993 for Central Portugal and 0.976 for Azores Islands.     

Grouping of Y-STR haplotypes discloses European geographic clines

Y-STR haplotypes are widely studied in Europe and an extensive databasing effort has been conducted (http://www.ystr.org). The distribution of these haplotypes has been considered to present no evidence for substructure at central and southern European level. This picture contrasts with the one that results from Y haplogroups defined by binary markers. This paradox has been solved by admitting that the high STR mutation rate and corresponding recurrence has erased geographic structuration. This explanation prompted us to reanalyse Y-STR haplotypes distribution bearing in mind the commonly admitted model for the generation of diversity in these markers, namely the stepwise mutation model (SMM) and, thus, taking the molecular distance between haplotypes into consideration. Accordingly, we have studied the European distribution of the two most frequent haplotypes in the Iberian Peninsula and their one step neighbours using the European samples deposited in the Y STR database (http://www.ystr.org). For the first group we found a clear-cut decreasing W-E gradient, while for the second the highest frequencies were found in the Iberian Peninsula (3.98% in Portugal and 3.85% in Spain), dropping to 2.88% in France and showing a less well defined SW-NW gradient. Furthermore, we have tested the agreement between haplotype groups and binary markers haplogroups in a random sample of 292 individuals from Northern Portugal. Our results demonstrate that (a) Y-STR haplotype data can be used for wide-scale anthropological approaches disclosing information that has been considered only available through binary markers and (b) forensic use of continental databases needs careful refinement, due to the macro-geographic pattern now evidenced.     

简论科学管理创新的四大功能

科学管理是作为一种生产力因素,在生产力系统的形成、运行和发展中发挥创新功能的。这种创新功能表现在:它不仅是整合生产力各要素形成创新功能的前提,而且是将生产力各要素的潜在创新“能量”转化为现实创新“能力”的条件;不仅是运筹生产力各要素创新能力的手段,而且还是进一步扩张生产力系统创新功能的内在活力。     

关于我国公务员身份保障的几点思考

西方国家公务员身份的身份保障,是通过政务官与事务官两官分途以及事务官常任制而获得有效保障的。我国由于对公务员范围界定太宽,司法与行政关系未理清,法律一直没有明文规定公务员的身份保障。因此,我国应借鉴西方国家的经验,建立起适应我国整体制度的公务员身份保障制度。     

从逻辑学的视角看中西法律文化的差异

本文主要从逻辑的角度探讨了中西法律文化的差异。首先 ,分析了逻辑在法律文化中的地位和作用 ;其次 ,探讨了西方法律文化中逻辑分析的传统 ;再次 ,指出了中国传统法律文化的非逻辑特征 ;最后 ,探讨了中国传统法律文化中的非逻辑特征对我国立法、司法以及法制现代化的影响 ,呼吁在法律文化的比较研究中应重视逻辑的作用     

创业板市场的立法价值及其风险的法律保障

历经六年,我国的中小企业板终于上市,而推出中小企业板的长远意义在于为创业板的出台做准备。创业板市场在我国是一个新生事物。本文通过对创业板市场国内价值的分析,指出创业板市场在我国是有其存在意义的,通过立法加以保护和规范十分必要。同时针对创业板市场的高风险性特征,提出了相应的法律上的保障措施。