Government's response to Hurricane Katrina: A public choice analysis

We use public choice theory to explain the failure of FEMA and other governmental agencies to carry out effective disaster relief in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. The areas in which we focus are: (1) the tragedy of the anti-commons resulting from layered bureaucracy, (2) a type-two error policy bias causing over cautiousness in decision making, (3) the political manipulation of disaster declarations and relief aid to win votes, (4) the problem of acquiring timely and accurate preference revelations, (5) glory seeking by government officials, and (6) the shortsightedness effect causing a bias in governmental decision making.     

Documents Received

Publications Received

Documents Received     

The effect of a Charter of Rights on the policy-making role of Canadian courts

Abstract This paper explores the thesis that the main impact of the new constitutional Charter of Rights on the Canadian system of government is to increase the role of the judiciary in deciding how fundamental social and political values should be affected by public policy. The first part of the paper. by reviewing the significant role which trial and appeal courts already play in shaping public policy, aims at overcoming a tendency to exaggerate the change in our system of government resulting from the Charter. The second part identifies the factors which will influence the judicial response to the Charter and the policy areas in relation to which judicial interpretation will be most significant. The analysis shows that the Charter's major impacts will likely include much greater judicial supervision of police activity and centralization of policy-making under the leadership of the Supreme Court on questions of social justice and minority-language rights. It concludes that, while the Charter will increase Canadians' understanding of judicial policy-making, it represents a retreat from reliance on the political process to resolve divisive social issues. Sommaire. Le présent article examine la thèse selon laquelle le principal effet de la nouvelle Charte des droits constitutionnels sur le système de gouvemement canadien sera d'accroître le rôle du pouvoir judiciaire dans la détermination de la façon dont les valeurs sociales et politiques fondamentales devraient être affectées par les politiques publiques. La première partie de l'article passe en revue Ie rôle important que jouent déjà les tribunaux et les cours d'appel, ainsi que l'influence que ces institutions exercent sur la politique publique, ceci afin de neutraliser une tendance à exagérer les changements qu'apporterait la charte à notre système de gouvernement. La seconde partie identifie les facteurs qui pourront influencer la réponse judiciairs à la charte ainsi que les domaines politiques où l'interprétation judiciaire de cette charte aura le plus d'importance. L'analyse démontre que l'adoption de la charte entraînera des conséquences importantes, qui comprendront probablement une surveillance judiciaire des activités de la police beaucoup plus développée et une centralisation, sous la direction de la Cour suprême, de l'élaboration de politiques en matière de justice sociale et de droits linguistiques des minorités. L'auteur conclut que bien que la charte permettra aux Canadiens de mieux saisir le rôle de la Cour dans l'élaboration des politiques, elle représente un recul du recours au processus politique en ce qui concerne la résolution des questions sociales contentieuses.     

Utilizing the urinary 5-HTOL/5-HIAA ratio to determine ethanol origin in civil aviation accident victims

Specimens from fatal aviation accident victims are submitted to the FAA Civil Aerospace Medical Institute for toxicological analysis. During toxicological evaluations, ethanol analysis is performed on all cases. Care must be taken when interpreting a positive ethanol result due to the potential for postmortem ethanol formation. Several indicators of postmortem ethanol formation exist; however, none are completely reliable. The consumption of ethanol has been shown to alter the concentration of two major serotonin metabolites, 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA). While the 5-HTOL/5-HIAA ratio is normally very low, previous studies using living subjects have demonstrated that the urinary 5-HTOL/5-HIAA ratio is significantly elevated for 11-19 h after acute ethanol ingestion. Recently, our laboratory developed and validated an analytical method for the simultaneous determination of both 5-HTOL and 5-HIAA in forensic urine samples using a simple liquid/liquid extraction and LC/MS/MS and LC/MS/MS/MS. In this previous work a 15 pmol/nmol serotonin metabolite ratio cutoff was established in postmortem urine, below which it could be conclusively determined that no recent antemortem ethanol consumption had occurred. In the current study this newly validated analytical method was applied to five ethanol-positive aviation fatalities where the origin of the ethanol present could not previously be conclusively determined. In four of the five cases examined the detected ethanol was demonstrated to be present due to postmortem microbial formation, and not consumption, even though some indication of ethanol consumption may have been present.     

Evaluation of Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of colored fibers: a collaborative study

A collaborative study on Raman spectroscopy was carried out by members of the ENFSI (European Network of Forensic Science Institutes) European Fibres Group (EFG) on three dyed fibers: two red acrylics and one red wool. Raman instruments from six different manufacturers were tested as well as nine different laser wavelengths ranging from blue (lambda = 458 nm) to near infrared-NIR (lambda = 1064 nm). This represents the largest comparison study of Raman analytical parameters carried out on identical fiber samples. For the chosen fiber and dye samples, red lasers (lambda = 633 and 685 nm) gave the poorest spectral quality whereas blue (458 nm), green (514 nm) and near infrared lasers (785, 830 and 1064 nm) provided average results. Blue (488 nm) and green lasers (532 nm) globally gave the best quality spectra. Fluorescence problems were often encountered with some of the excitation wavelengths and therefore a flexible Raman instrument equipped with different lasers can be recommended to measure forensic fiber samples. The instrument should also be equipped with a Raman microscope in order to be able to focus on a single fiber. This study shows that Raman spectroscopy usually enables the identification of the main dye present in a colored fiber; however, minor dye components are much more difficult to detect. SERRS (Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering) techniques give an improvement of the dye's spectral intensity but no spectral improvement was observed for the two red acrylic and red wool fibers tested.