Corruption and Wildlife Trafficking: Three Case Studies Involving Asia

As wildlife trafficking or the illegal wildlife trade has taken a more prominent place on the global agenda, discussions are taking place as to how wildlife trafficking happens. An increased understanding has revealed that corruption is a key facilitator of this profitable and pervasive global black market, but limited research has explored exactly what that corruption looks like and how corruption enables wildlife to be trafficked. Furthermore, research shows that Asia, particularly China and Southeast Asia, are focal points for the supply and demand of certain species of wildlife. Through a literature-based investigation, this paper unpacks the role specific acts of corruption play in the trafficking of ivory, reptile skins and live reptiles from, through or to Asia. It is proposed that not only do individual corrupt acts enable wildlife trafficking to happen, but also that corrupted structures (the criminal justice system, and economic and political foundations) in some societies enable trafficking to happen and also increase the resilience of trafficking to reduction measures. In collating detailed data about the forms of corruption facilitating wildlife trafficking, the gaps in knowledge, and therefore the important areas for further research, become evident.     

Rewarding Lula: Executive Power, Social Policy, and the Brazilian Elections of 2006

This article analyzes Luiz Inácio da Silva's resounding reelection victory in the wake of corruption scandals implicating his party and government. Voters with lower levels of economic security and schooling played a critical role in returning Lula to the presidency. Least prone to punish the president for corruption, poorer Brazilians were also the most readily persuaded by the provision of material benefits. Minimum wage increases and the income transfer program Bolsa Família expanded the purchasing power of the poor. Thus, executive power and central state resources allowed Lula to consolidate a social base that had responded only weakly to his earlier, party-based strategy of grassroots mobilization for progressive macrosocietal change. Although Lula won handily, the PT's delegation to Congress shrank for the first time, and the voting bases of president and party diverged. The PT benefited far less than the president himself from government investment in social policy.     

Shahs,Doctors, Diplomats and Missionaries in 19th Century Iran

By the mid-nineteenth century the impact of the West was felt in many walks of life in Persia, ranging from the intellectual, cultural, political, social to the economic sphere. In general it was the ideas and ideologies emanating from the West which finally affected every social institution and outlook on life. One of the fields affected was that of traditional medicine. The main agents of this impact were the European doctors of the Qajar Shahs and the nobility, the doctors assigned to diplomatic missions, medical members of Christian missions and the students who were sent abroad to study medicine and who returned to Iran to practice it. This paper will explore some aspects of the history of the introduction of Western medicine to Persia and simultaneously it will also examine the hypothesis that the role of the foreign powers and missionaries in introducing Western medicine into Persia was not entirely altruistic but related to non-medical objectives.     

An Intellectual Crisis in American Federalism: The Meaning of Garcia

In National League of Cities v. Usery (1976), the U.S. SupremeCourt found that the Tenth Amendment requires the existenceof a set of essential state powers that remains beyond the reachof congressional regulation or preemption. The Court reverseditself in Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority(1985), holding that the Tenth Amendment provides the Courtno basis on which to limit the Congress in the exercise of itscommerce powers. We argue that, although contradictory, bothholdings can be inferred validly from the U.S. Constitution.This absurd result reveals profound inconsistencies in the constitutionaldesign of federalism, requiring a constitutional solution. Thearticle concludes with a discussion of a variety of constitutionalremedies, including constitutional amendments.     

The private sector,the public sector and the laws of nature

Abstract: The author analyses differences between the private and public sectors by assessing their compliance with several laws and principles considered to govern organisms and organizations in nature. Those laws and principles involve: niche overlap; types of competition; natural selection and survival of the fittest; symbiotic relationships; and maturation of ecosystems. Each biological principle is first described in layman's terms. Subsequently the ways in which the public and private sectors relate to and comply with the principles are compared and discussed. Although both sectors are found to contravene nature's laws, the public sector is found to be a frequent violator. The implications of this lack of compliance to individuals in the fields of public administration and management science are discussed. The author suggests that an understanding of biological laws is of considerable value to those attempting to explain differences between the private and public sectors as well as to public administrators in general. Sommaire: L'auteur analyse les différences entre les secteurs privé et public en évaluant la façon dont ils respectent plusieurs lois et principes qui régissent le comportement des organismes et organisations au sein de la nature: 1. chevauchement des créneaux; 2. types de concurrence; 3. sélection naturelle et survie du plus fort; 4. rapports de symbiose; 5. maturation des systèmes écologiques. Chaque principe biologique est d'abord dérit en termes vernaculaires, puis l'étude compare et discute les attitudes des secteurs public et privé face aux principes de référence. Bien que les deux secteurs enfreignent les lois de la nature, le secteur public semble le faire fréquem-ment. On évoque ensuite les répercussions de cette dérogation pour les personnes exerçant dans les domaines de l'administration publique et des sciences de gestion. L'auteur souligne que la compréhension des lois biologiques est extrêmement utile à quiconque veut expliquer la différence entre les secteurs privé et public, ainsi qu'aux administrateurs du secteur public en général.