The Bosman Ruling and the Emergence of a Single Market in Soccer Talent

This paper discusses the effect of the ruling by the European Court of Justice in the Bosman case which delivered freedom of contract to professional soccer players. The result is examined in the context of modern investment theory where contracts between club and player are considered as options to renegotiate the contract or to sell the player to another party. The effects of the ruling are reconsidered in this light and the reaction of the soccer world to these effects are discussed.     

SEMATECH and collaborative research: Lessons in the design of high-technology consortia

This article reviews the experience of SEMATECH as a model for high-technology research consortia. SEMATECH's original aims of developing next-generation manufacturing technology proved hard to achieve, and the program has refocused on generic technology and the equipment industry infrastructure. Though more modest, these new objectives have produced significant tangible results. The study considers the reasons for the change and implications for consortium design. This is contrasted with the history of other major collaborative research programs in Japan, Europe, and the United States.