Automated Classification of Epiphyses in the Distal Radius and Ulna using a Support Vector Machine

The aim of this study was to automatically classify epiphyses in the distal radius and ulna using a support vector machine (SVM) and to examine the accuracy of the epiphyseal growth grades generated by the support vector machine. X‐ray images of distal radii and ulnae were collected from 140 Chinese teenagers aged between 11.0 and 19.0 years. Epiphyseal growth of the two elements was classified into five grades. Features of each element were extracted using a histogram of oriented gradient (HOG), and models were established using support vector classification (SVC). The prediction results and the validity of the models were evaluated with a cross‐validation test and independent test for accuracy (P_A). Our findings suggest that this new technique for epiphyseal classification was successful and that an automated technique using an SVM is reliable and feasible, with a relative high accuracy for the models.     

A Process Evaluation of a Kentucky Court Improvement Initiative

This article describes a court improvement initiative designed to promote uniformity and improved court practice with the ultimate goal of the improvement of outcomes for children and families. The article focuses on the results of interviews and focus groups conducted as part of the evaluation of this initiative. Twelve jurisdictions were purposively selected to exhibit a range of family court and non–family court jurisdictions in rural and middle‐sized locations. The discussion of the qualitative results focuses on changes in court practice and the impact of the initiative on case time.     

AGE,GENDER, AND THE CRIME OF CRIMES: TOWARD A LIFE‐COURSE THEORY OF GENOCIDE PARTICIPATION*

This article asks whether genocide follows the age and gender distributions common to other crime. We develop and test a life‐course model of genocide participation to address this question using a new dataset of 1,068,192 cases tried in Rwanda's gacaca courts. Three types of prosecutions are considered: 1) inciting, organizing, or supervising violence; 2) killings and other physical assaults; and 3) offenses against property. By relying on systematic graphic comparisons, we find that the peak age of those tried in the gacaca courts was 34 years at the time of the genocide, which is older than the peak age for most other types of crime. We likewise find that women were more likely to participate in crimes against property and comparatively unlikely to commit genocidal murder. Symbolic–interactionist explanations of crime suggest people desist from crime as a result of shared understandings of the expectations of adulthood. We argue that this process may be turned on its head during genocide as participants may believe they are defending their communities against a perceived threat. Thus, in contrast to other criminological theories suggesting that people must desist from crime to be accorded adult status, some adults may participate in genocide to fulfill their duties as adult men.     

Relatively Permanent Pigmented or Vascular Skin Marks for Identification: A Pilot Reliability Study

In child sexual exploitation offenses, the collected evidence images often show the skin of nonfacial body parts of the criminals and victims. For identification in this scenario, “relatively permanent pigmented or vascular skin marks,” abbreviated as RPPVSM, were recently introduced as the basis for a novel biometric trait. This pilot study evaluated the interexaminer variability of RPPVSM identification. Four dermatology physicians were recruited to examine RPPVSM from 75 skin images collected from a total of 51 Caucasian and Asian subjects. The images were separated into 50 reference (“suspect”) images and 25 evaluation (“evidence”) images. The examiners were asked to perform identification by annotating RPPVSM in each of the 25 evaluation images and matching them with the reference images. The rate of misidentification was 0% while the mean rate at which examiners failed to find a match was 6%, indicating the potential of dermatology physicians performing the role of RPPVSM examiners.     

大鼠死后心血中吗啡浓度变化的HPLC检测

本文采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）分析技术检测了治疗量及中毒量吗啡肌注大鼠死后心血中吗啡浓度变化．结果表明．以治疗量吗啡肌注大鼠死后96h内，心血中吗啡浓度随死后时间增加而显著升高（P<0.01），吗啡浓度水平与死后时间呈显著正相关．以中毒量吗啡肌注大鼠死后12h内，心血中吗啡浓度无明显变化．死后24h、48h及96h．随死后时间延长，心血中吗啡浓度逐渐升高（P＞0.01），其递增强度不如治疗量吗啡组大鼠的明显．本研究证实死后尸体心血吗啡浓度明显受生前剂量的影响，且死后96h内，随死后时间延长心血中吗啡浓度不断增高．本文初步探讨了死后心血吗啡浓度变化发生的可能机制．为海洛因或吗啡中毒死亡的血液检测结果评判及死因分析提供理论依据．     

吗啡染毒大鼠死后体内吗啡的分布研究

作者采用免疫组织化学（PAP）法观察慢性吗啡染毒大鼠死后，在不同时间尸体内吗啡公布的变化。发现随着死后时间的延长，吗啡在大鼠CNS的分布无明显改变；其它内脏器官组织中吗啡分布则有明显改变；内脏脂肪组织原未查见吗啡，随死后时间延长，吗啡含量增加．证实大鼠染毒死后尸体内吗啡存在重分布现象。初步讨论了死后体内吗啡分布的变化与死后时间的关系，为吸毒致死后尸检取材提供依据。     

大鼠缺O_2高CO_2性脑损伤神经细胞凋亡的研究

目的观察缺O2高CO2性脑损伤的形态变化。方法缺O2高CO2大鼠模型,应用透射电镜,原位末端标记法(TUNEL)、流式细胞仪技术,观察脑组织的形态变化。结果脑神经细胞发生变性、坏死及细胞凋亡。结论缺O2高CO2性脑损伤的形态变化,可为法医病理诊断提供一项新的辅助诊断依据。     

Examining the Canadian Government's Resistance to Including Socioeconomic Concerns in Genetically Modified Seeds Regulation: A Policy Transfer and Multilevel Approach

In 2011, Canadian Members of Parliament refused to transfer a regulatory initiative taken from Argentina that would have required an analysis of potential harm to export markets before authorizing the sale of any new genetically modified seed. This was the purpose of Bill C‐474, which was defeated in the House of Commons. After exploring Argentina's regulatory framework as a source of transfer, this paper combines a multilevel analysis with a typology of policy transfer mechanisms in order to address the complexities underlying this unsuccessful attempt. We explore how the mechanisms of competition and coercion might have impeded the transfer of such an initiative at the international and the macro‐state levels. Moreover, while a policy transfer network in support of the bill called on previous experiences with genetically modified seeds, their efforts appear to have been outweighed by another network using arguments based on the mechanisms of competition, coercion, and mimicry.