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151.
Homicide as Infectious Disease: Using Public Health Methods to Investigate the Diffusion of Homicide
This study examined the spatial and temporal movement of homicide in Newark, New Jersey from January 1982 through September 2008. We hypothesized that homicide would diffuse in a similar process to an infectious disease with firearms and gangs operating as the infectious agents. A total of 2,366 homicide incidents were analyzed using SaTScan v.9.0, a cluster detection software. The results revealed spatio-temporal patterns of expansion diffusion: overall, firearm and gang homicide clusters in Newark evolved from a common area in the center of the city and spread southward and westward over the course of two decades. This pattern of movement has implications in regards to the susceptibility of populations to homicide, particularly because northern and eastern Newark remained largely immune to homicide clusters. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings, as well as recommendations for future research, are discussed. 相似文献
152.
This article has been written by Sue Owen, Access to Higher Education tutor and Wendy Toy, mature Law undergraduate and former Access Student. It looks at the issue of widening ‐participation for Access Students in Higher Education, including Law degrees from the perspective of both a tutor and a student. 相似文献
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Women, Women's Work and ‘Women's Studies’ are in a disadvantaged and marginal position within academic settings. This is a reflection of women's position in society in general, and it should be no surprise to find it to be the case in sociology as elsewhere. Women's studies has achieved some respectability within the social sciences, but rather than this being seen as a straightforward success, the disadvantages of this ‘respectability’ must be understood, as must the subtlety of male incorporation of feminist ideas not at a conscious level but within and through the male defined ethos of academia. The use of a qualitative methodology to get behind the ‘facts’ of qualitative differences in women's and men's positions is important. The lives of women postgraduates and researchers in Great Britain, those women on the bottom rung, can give us insights into the difficulties for women's studies and into the possibilities for the direction that attempts to redress the imbalances between men and women in academia might take. 相似文献
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Sue Mahan 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》1989,13(2):228-239
Three issues were considered in this evaluation of the usefulness of co-corrections: violence, over-management and policies
about sexuality. A study of one sexually integrated prison showed that co-corrections has both advantages and disadvantages
for women. Inmates and staff were included in the research. Survey and anecdotal data were collected. The strengths of co-corrections
were described from the data along with some suggestions for overcoming the weaknesses. 相似文献
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160.
Baker R Chilton S Donaldson C Jones-Lee M Lancsar E Mason H Metcalf H Pennington M Wildman J 《Health economics, policy, and law》2011,6(4):435-447
Recently, for many health economics researchers, empirical estimation of the monetary valuation of a quality-adjusted life year (QALY) has become an important endeavour. Different philosophical and practical approaches to this have emerged. On the one hand, there is a view that, with health-care budgets set centrally, decision-making bodies within the system can iterate, from observation of a series of previous decisions, towards the value of a QALY, thus searching for such a value. Alternatively, and more consistent with the approach taken in other public sectors, individual members of the public are surveyed with the aim of directly eliciting a preference-based - also known as a willingness-to-pay-based (WTP-based) - value of a QALY. While the former is based on supply-side factors and the latter on demand, both in fact suffer from informational deficiencies. Sole reliance on either would necessitate an acceptance or accommodation of chronic inefficiencies in health-care resource allocation. On the basis of this observation, this paper makes the case that in order to approach optimal decision making in health-care provision, a framework incorporating and thus, to a degree, reconciling these two approaches is to be preferred. 相似文献