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Lambert SF Bradshaw CP Cammack NL Ialongo NS 《Journal of prevention & intervention in the community》2011,39(2):98-113
Considerable research has documented the effects of community violence exposure on adolescents' behavior and mental health functioning, yet there has been less research on the process by which early risks increase the likelihood that youth will be exposed to community violence. The current study used data from a community epidemiologically defined sample of 623 urban youth followed from 1st grade through adolescence to examine the process by which early-onset aggressive behavior and poor academic readiness influenced risk for community violence exposure. Consistent with transactional developmental theories, early-onset aggressive and disruptive behavior was associated with poor academic readiness; these early risks contributed to later peer rejection, and subsequent conduct problems and greater affiliation with deviant peers, which in turn increased youths' exposure to community violence. Having an enhanced understanding of the risk process directs attention to potential targets for preventive interventions for youth at risk for subsequent exposure to violence. 相似文献
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Although many bullying prevention programs aim to involve multiple partners, few studies have examined perceptual differences regarding peer victimization and the broader bullying climate among students, staff, and parents. The present study utilized multilevel data from 11,674 students, 960 parents, and 1,027 staff at 44 schools to examine the association between school-level indicators of disorder, norms regarding bullying and bullies, and students, parents, and staff perceptions of safety, belonging, and witnessing bullying. Results revealed several important discrepancies between adults and youth with regard to their perceptions. Moreover, results highlight the significance of normative beliefs about bullies, retaliation, and the influence of school contextual factors on students' risk for exposure to bullying. 相似文献
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The ideal and actual characteristics of specialist search dogs have been examined in questionnaire surveys of 244 dog handlers and trainers from the six main UK dog-using Government agencies. The ten most important characteristics were (ideal level in brackets): acuity of sense of smell (very high), incentive to find an object which is out of sight (very high), health (very high), tendency to hunt by smell alone (very high), stamina (very high), ability to learn from being rewarded (very high), tendency to be distracted when searching (very low); agility (high), consistency of behaviour from day to day (high), motivation to chase an object (high). Significant differences between actual and ideal levels were found for 22 of the 30 characteristics, predominantly in undesirable attributes, suggesting that there is scope for significant improvement in operational effectiveness. 相似文献
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Bradshaw YW 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》1988,23(4):15-40
This paper addresses a variety of methodological, theoretical, and historical problems associated with previous research on
urbanization and development in Kenya. The first part of the paper discusses several general theories of Third World urbanization
and development. Next, these perspectives are examined within the context of recent historical circumstances in Kenya. The
final part of the paper presents an entirely new quantitative study of urbanization and development in Kenya. It improves
on earlier research by using (1) data fromall urban regions of the country, (2) a statistical model that testschange over time, and (3) several new variables. Overall, the analysis shows that both the causes and effects of urbanization are
more complex than what was indicated in previous studies. The quantitative findings can be explained by reference to various
theoretical and historical concerns discussed in the paper. 相似文献
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Catherine P. Bradshaw Cindy M. Schaeffer Hanno Petras Nicholas Ialongo 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2010,39(8):953-966
Transactional theories of development suggest that displaying high levels of antisocial behavior early in life and persistently
over time causes disruption in multiple life domains, which in turn places individuals at risk for negative life outcomes.
We used longitudinal data from 1,137 primarily African American urban youth (49.1% female) to determine whether different
trajectories of aggressive and disruptive behavior problems were associated with a range of negative life outcomes in young
adulthood. General growth mixture modeling was used to classify the youths’ patterns of aggressive–disruptive behavior across
elementary school. These trajectories were then used to predict early sexual activity, early pregnancy, school dropout, unemployment,
and drug abuse in young adulthood. The trajectories predicted the number but not type of negative life outcomes experienced.
Girls with the chronic high aggression–disruption (CHAD) pattern experienced more negative outcomes than girls with consistently
moderate levels, who were at greater risk than nonaggressive–nondisruptive girls. Boys with CHAD and boys with an increasing
pattern had equal levels of risk for experiencing negative outcomes. The findings are consistent with transactional models
of development and have implications for preventive interventions. 相似文献
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Mary I. Campa Catherine P. Bradshaw John Eckenrode David S. Zielinski 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2008,37(6):627-640
Several studies have indicated that an early onset of delinquent and problem behaviors is associated with a greater risk of
subsequent behavioral and mental health problems. This study builds on that literature by examining histories of behavior
problems in relation to indicators of thriving and precocious behavior during late adolescence. Using longitudinal data from
289 high-risk adolescents, participants were classified according to their problem behavior histories at ages 15 and 19. Findings
indicated that although some adolescents experienced decline over time in their overt behavior problems, those youth showed
fewer indicators of thriving when compared to adolescents with no history of behavior problems. Youth with an earlier onset
of behavior problems also evinced an increased risk for precocious behavior. Gender differences and implications for prevention
through youth development programming are discussed.
相似文献
Mary I. CampaEmail: |
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Professor William L.F. Felstiner Alan Bradshaw 《International Journal of the Legal Profession》2007,14(1):3-20
Women lawyers, like women generally, earn less money than men for comparable work. This unfortunate conclusion has been reached by many scholars in North America, Europe, Australia and New Zealand.2 Frequently the explanations originate in the structure and culture of large law firms. Allan Lind and one of the present authors (Felstiner) collected data on a different segment of the American profession, lawyers who are consulted by individuals, generally practicing on their own or in small firms. This paper presents a picture of the professional lives of these lawyers and information about the connections between income and gender in this generally disregarded sector of the profession (but see Sarat & Felstiner, 1995; Seron, 1996; Van Hoy, 1997; Mather et al., 2001; Levin, 2004). 相似文献
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