能源安全:欧美中三角关系中的一大难题

本文认为,关于能源安全,国际关系理论两大流派建构主义和现实主义有着不同的解释。美国和中国似乎仍在推行现实主义的强权政治,而被边缘化的欧盟虽然推出了多边议程,但也可能将被迫遵循现实主义路线。文章主张,可通过将美、中、欧三方(或还包括其他国家)融入一个多边主义机制框架内,以克服它们之间的政策分歧,加强全球能源安全。这样做也有助于美、中、欧三方更好地协调能源政策,应对气候变化、发展和全球秩序等问题。     

The Rotating Council Presidency and the New Intergovernmentalism

The Lisbon Treaty fundamentally changed the presidency regime of the European Union at the expense of one of the oldest and most central institutions of European integration: the rotating presidency. The chair positions of the European Council, the Foreign Affairs Council and the Eurogroup have been decoupled from the rotating presidency. Understanding the reduced role of the rotating presidency requires attention for the changing dynamics of EU policymaking, especially for the new intergovernmentalism which implies decision-making outside the classic community method and for the rise of the European Council to the status of a lead institution.     

Die Moderne: eine funktional differenzierte kapitalistische Gesellschaft

This contribution presents the theoretical idea that modern society can be conceived of as a capitalist society without contradiction to its characterization as functionally differentiated. A three-component analytical model of capitalist society is proposed. The first component refers to inter-systemic structures and dynamics mediated by money which are peculiar to the relations of the modern economy to the other societal sub-systems. The second component identifies markets as intra-systemic governance structures of the economy with peculiar dynamics that cannot be found in other sub-systems of modern society. Both components are interrelated: Only because the intra-systemic structures and dynamics of the economy have profound inter-systemic repercussions in all other sub-systems, one can speak of a capitalist society brought about by a capitalist economy. These two components are accompanied by a third one: that we live in a capitalist society shapes, as a general cultural pattern of orientation, our actions and thereby becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.     

Book reviews

Datenhandbuch zur Geschichte des Deutschen Bundestages 1949 bis 1999. Edited by Peter Schindler. 3 Volumes. Baden‐Baden: Nomos, 1999. DM 98.

Finanzverfassung und Föderalismus in Deutschland und Europa. Edited by Thiess Buttner. Baden‐Baden: Nomos, 2000. DM 48 pb.

Krise und Reform des Föderalismus. Edited by Reinhard C. Meier‐Walser and Gerhard Hirscher. Munich: Olzog, 1999. DM 24.80.

Hinter den Kulissen von Regierungsbündnissen. Koalitionspolilik in Bund, Ländern und Gemeinden. Edited by Roland Sturm and Sabine Kropp. Baden‐Baden: Nomos, 1999. DM 74.

Austria — Out of the Shadow of the Past. By Anton Pelinka. Oxford: Westview Press, 1998.

Austria. World Bibliographical Series. Revised edition. Volume 66. By Michael Mitchell. Oxford: Clio Press, 1999.

The Official Concept of the Nation in the Former GDR. By Joanna McKay. Hants/Vermont: Ashgate, 1998.

NATO and the Future of European Security. By Sean Kay. Rowman and Littlefield, 1998.

Linguistics and the Third Reich: Mother‐Tongue Fascism and the Science of Language. By Christopher M. Hutton. Routledge Studies in the History of Linguistics. London and New York: Routledge, 1999.

The Language of the Third Reich. LTI ‐ Lingua Tertii Imperii. A Philologist's Notebook. By Victor Klemperer. Translated by Martin Brady. London and New Brunswick: The Athlone Press, 2000.

German Studies. Old and New Challenges. Undergraduate Programmes in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Edited by Peter Rolf Lutzeier. Berne: Peter Lang, 1998 (German Linguistic and Cultural Studies, vol. 1).

EU Enlargement and its Macroeconomic Effects in Eastern Europe. Currencies, Prices, Investment and Competitiveness. By Hubert Gabrisch and Rüdiger Pohl. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999.

Welfare States in Transition. East and West. By Irwin Collier, Herwig Roggemann, Oliver Scholz and Horst Tomann. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999.

Economic Transition in Hungary and East Germany. Gradualism and Shock Therapy in Catch‐up Development. By Johannes Stephan. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1999.

Doing Business with Germany. Edited by Jonathan Reuvid and Roderick Millar (consultant eds.). In association with German‐British Chamber of Industry and Commerce, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Eversheds. Business Lawyers in Europe. London: Kogan Page, 2nd edn. 1999. Reprinted 2000.

The German Skills Machine: Sustaining Comparative Advantage in a Global Economy. Edited by Pepper D. Culpepper and David Finegold. Berghahn Books, 1999.

Reconstructing Education. By Rosalind M.O. Pritchard. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1999.

In a Cold Crater: Cultural and Intellectual Life in Berlin, 1945–1948. By Wolfgang Schivelbusch. Translated by Kelly Barry. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.

The Longman Companion to Germany Since 1945. By Adrian Webb. London: Longman, 1998.

Ausgewcihlte Aspekte des Transformationsprozesses im Cesundheitswesen der neuen Bundeslander. Edited by Viola Schubert‐Lehnhardt, Christel Gibas and Birgit Möbest. Berlin: Trafo Verlag, 1998.

Lebensbedingungen, Lebensgestaltung und Lebensinn von älteren Frauen in Deutschland und Europa. Edited by Viola Schubert‐Lehnhardt. Berlin: Trafo Verlag, 2000.     

Attempts at diversification: Mexico and Pacific Asia

This article aims to explain the development of Mexico's relations with Pacific Asia. Based on the historical background of Mexico's relations with Asia and on internal and international transformations, we identify the interests of Mexican political actors in Pacific Asia. We provide an overview of the existing political and economic relations between Mexico and Pacific Asia, demonstrating that the success of diversification has been very limited. By trying to explain the gap between the strategic goals and the existing relations we focus on the domestic politics in Mexico. We conclude that intra-elite conflicts had a negative effect on the diversification attempts, since those conflicts prevented Mexican policy-makers from establishing the institutional basis for successfully implementing their foreign policy goals.     

Gesellschaftliche Integrationsprobleme im Spiegel soziologischer Gegenwartsdiagnosen

Ein prominentes Thema soziologischer Zeitdiagnosen sind nach wie vor Integrationsprobleme der modernen Gesellschaft. Wichtige Gegenwartsdiagnosen der letzten zwanzig Jahre aus Deutschland, Frankreich, Gro?britannien und den Vereinigten Staaten werden im Hinblick auf ihre Aussagen zu den drei Dimensionen gesellschaftlicher Integration — Systemintegration, Sozialintegration und ?kologische Integration — analysiert.     

Die Organisation von Wissensarbeit

Die Leitfrage dieses Artikels lautet: Wie ist Wissensarbeit organisiert und welche Konsequenzen hat dies für den Organisationsbegriff? Zuerst wird der Begriff Organisation definiert. Anschlie?end wird Wissensarbeit als eine T?tigkeit definiert, deren Mittel und Zwecke nicht programmiert sind und die deshalb konstitutiv darauf angewiesen ist, dass zum einen der Austausch von Daten und zum anderen die interaktive Generierung neuen Wissens erfolgen. Der Begriff Wissensarbeit wird kurz im ?konomischen, im arbeitssoziologischen und im systemtheoretischen Diskurs rekonstruiert. Es wird dann gezeigt, dass Wissensarbeit sich nicht mit Hilfe traditioneller Kontrollformen managen l?sst. Aus einer Reihe von Kontextsteuerungsverfahren wird hier besonders das eines gro?en Handlungsspielraums analysiert, der sowohl intrinsische Motivation als auch nicht intendierte Kooperation unterstützt. Abschlie?end werden die Ver?nderungen für den Organisationsbegriff bei einem solchen Verst?ndnis für Wissensarbeit aufgezeigt. An den beiden Beispielen von Partnerschaften und zirkul?rem Organisieren wird dies illustriert.     

Computer Simulations to Investigate the Consequence of Blunt Head Impact

Blunt head impact as sustained in falls or punches against the head can result in rupture of bridging veins. Computer simulations were performed to simulate three different types of falls and punches against the head. The relative brain‐skull motion was recorded. The falls resulted in impact on the backside of the head, whereas the punches struck the face. The maximum resultant translational and rotational acceleration, the Head Injury Criterion (HIC), and the characteristics of the relative brain‐skull motion, as well as the coup and contre‐coup regions were determined. The maximum resultant translational acceleration was found to be between 2982 and 3541 m/s² for falls and between 814 and 942 m/s² for punches. The maximum resultant rotational acceleration reached 632–1000 rad/s² for falls and 252–620 rad/s² for punches. The HIC for falls was found to be at least 1357 and at most 130 for punches. The major brain‐skull displacement calculated for falls and punches was 6.6 and 4.2 mm, respectively. The results of this study suggest that falls are associated with a higher risk for bridging vein ruptures than punches and that cerebral contusions at the contre‐coup side are more serious.