全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1941篇 |
免费 | 82篇 |
专业分类
各国政治 | 141篇 |
工人农民 | 70篇 |
世界政治 | 232篇 |
外交国际关系 | 112篇 |
法律 | 859篇 |
中国政治 | 7篇 |
政治理论 | 588篇 |
综合类 | 14篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 10篇 |
2022年 | 13篇 |
2021年 | 16篇 |
2020年 | 31篇 |
2019年 | 42篇 |
2018年 | 52篇 |
2017年 | 60篇 |
2016年 | 76篇 |
2015年 | 58篇 |
2014年 | 51篇 |
2013年 | 370篇 |
2012年 | 62篇 |
2011年 | 52篇 |
2010年 | 71篇 |
2009年 | 55篇 |
2008年 | 72篇 |
2007年 | 91篇 |
2006年 | 71篇 |
2005年 | 64篇 |
2004年 | 77篇 |
2003年 | 54篇 |
2002年 | 44篇 |
2001年 | 30篇 |
2000年 | 39篇 |
1999年 | 30篇 |
1998年 | 24篇 |
1997年 | 29篇 |
1996年 | 23篇 |
1995年 | 22篇 |
1994年 | 25篇 |
1993年 | 18篇 |
1992年 | 17篇 |
1991年 | 17篇 |
1990年 | 25篇 |
1989年 | 14篇 |
1988年 | 17篇 |
1987年 | 19篇 |
1986年 | 14篇 |
1985年 | 11篇 |
1984年 | 11篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 24篇 |
1981年 | 14篇 |
1979年 | 12篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 6篇 |
1971年 | 6篇 |
1970年 | 9篇 |
1969年 | 9篇 |
排序方式: 共有2023条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
991.
Martin Shaw 《Economy and Society》2013,42(4):429-450
It is commonplace to observe that while Marx saw the withering away of the state as necessary for communism, the state in ‘Communist’ societies has done anything but wither away. This seems to indicate a paradox in the Marxian theory, whose resolution would probably tend to undermine the theory itself. It is, however, argued that the expansion of the state in ‘Communist’ societies is only apparently contradictory to the Marxian theory, and that the theory in fact provides the basis for a most adequate account of this phenomenon. But the theory does have a genuinely paradoxical quality which lies in the tension between the political and its social basis, in the socialist movement. The fundamental component of the Marxian theory is its demonstration of the dependence of the state and politics on society; the problem then is the very status of ‘the political’ as a category, and especially the meaning of a ‘marxist politics’. Marxism itself demonstrates that the very existence of ‘politics in the direct and narrow sense of the word’ is the product of an alienated society, and yet it posits a politics which necessarily exists partly in this very sense. This paper considers the Marxian theory and the problems it tries to deal with, and attempts to show that the solution to its paradox lies in resolving the real tension between the social movement and its political expression. It will be argued that terms of the dilemma are being modified by changes in the relations between the state and society. These changes make a political solution of social contradictions more possible, precisely because they reduce the abstraction of politics from society. 相似文献
992.
Martin D. H. Bloom 《The Pacific Review》2013,26(2):119-126
Abstract Northeast Asia is notable for the relative absence of regional institutions. The Six Party Talks could constitute an embryonic starting point for the development of such institutions. The path toward greater institutionalization is likely to begin in a modest fashion. Functional working groups on topics such as the environment, maritime transport, technical barriers to trade, road and rail links, and energy could provide the locus for integrating North Korea into the broader regional and global economies. Foreign ministries will inevitably take the lead in developing the Northeast Asia Peace and Security Mechanism (NEAPSM), but meaningful economic achievements will require the involvement of other ministries. North Korea has proved problematic in this regard thus far. Moreover, given the importance of private-sector involvement in achieving sustainable economic development in North Korea, modalities will have to be developed to integrate private-sector actors when possible. The governments of the region, and particularly China and South Korea, may continue support on a bilateral basis as a hedge against North Korea's collapse or as inducements in the context of the nuclear talks. But the development of more permanent multilateral structures is unlikely until the nuclear issue is resolved. 相似文献
993.
This article explores economic factors that help to explain Congressional support for NASA Authorization Acts and issues of U.S. federal space funding. Three economic factors related to political opportunism are identified and discussed in detail. Across the board, NASA Centers are a significant factor in shaping voting preferences, suggesting that the NASA presence itself plays an important role in influencing legislators. Meanwhile, other forms of economic opportunism based on the relative importance of the space and aircraft manufacturing industries in a given state and the amounts of NASA procurements are factors, but only in a more limited sense. This supports the concept that economic opportunism does influence legislative voting behavior on NASA Authorization Acts, though the bulk of the impact appears to be indirectly via NASA centers. 相似文献
994.
Whether a country is able effectively to address collective action problems is a critical test of its ability to fulfill the demands of its citizens to their satisfaction. We study one particularly important collective action problem: the environment. Using a large panel dataset covering 25 years for some countries, we find that, overall, citizens of European countries are more satisfied with the way democracy works in their country if (a) more environmental policies are in place and if (b) expenditures on the environment are higher, but environmental taxes are lower. The relation between environmental policy and life satisfaction is not as pronounced. The evidence for the effect of environmental quality on both satisfaction with democracy and life satisfaction is not very clear, although we find evidence that citizens value personal mobility (in terms of having a car) highly, but view the presence of trucks as unpleasant. We also document that parents, younger citizens, and those with high levels of educational attainment tend to care more about environmental issues than do non-parents, older citizens, and those with fewer years of schooling. 相似文献
995.
Martin H?pner & Armin Sch?fer 《West European politics》2013,36(2):344-368
In the past, economic integration in Europe was largely compatible with the preservation of different national varieties of capitalism. While product market integration intensified competition, member states could build on and foster their respective comparative advantage. Today, this no longer unequivocally holds true. This article contends that a new, ‘post-Ricardian’ phase of European integration has emerged in which the Commission's and the European Court of Justice's (ECJ's) attempts to promote economic integration systematically challenge the institutions of organised capitalism. It demonstrates this by discussing recent disputes over the Services Directive, the Takeover Directive, and company law. In the current phase of European integration, the Commission's and the ECJ's liberalisation attempts either transform the institutional foundations on which some of the member states' economic systems rely or they create political resistance to an extent that challenges the viability of the European project. 相似文献
996.
Gianfranco Pasquino Philip G. Cerny Martin Lodge Alistair Cole Mark Donovan Franz Fallend 《West European politics》2013,36(3):231-240
Patterns of Democracy. Government Forms and Performance in Thirty‐Six Countries. By Arend Lijphart. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1999. Pp.351, biblio., index. £26 (cloth); £10.95 (paper) ISBN 0–300–07893–5. Critical Citizens. Global Support for Democratic Governance. Edited by P. Norris. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1999. Pp.xv + 303, 37 figures, 59 tables, biblio, index. £45 (cloth) ISBN 0–19–829479–4. Continuity and Change in Contemporary Capitalism. Edited by H. Kitschelt, P. Lange, G. Marks and J.D. Stephens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp.xiii + 527, biblio, index. £45 (US$69.95) (cloth) ISBN 0–521–62446–2; £16.95 (US$27.95) (paper) ISBN 0–521–63496–0. Comparative Public Policy ‐ Patterns of Post‐war Transformation. By Francis G. Castles. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1998. Pp.368, £59.95 (cloth) ISBN 1–858989–816–0; £19.95 (paper) ISBN 1–858989–823–3. The Political System of the European Union. By S. Hix. London: Macmillan, 1999. Pp.ix + 427, 52 tables and 28 figures, biblio, index. £16.99 (paper) ISBN 0–333–71654‐X; £49.50 (cloth) ISBN 0–333–71653–1. The Long Presidency. France in the Mitterrand Years, 1981–1995. By Julius Friend. Boulder, CO and Oxford: Westview Press, 1998. Pp.xi + 308, biblio, index. £30.95 (cloth) ISBN 0–8133–2850–0. Historical Dictionary of Modern Italy. Edited by Mark F. Gilbert and K. Robert Nilsson. The Scarecrow Press, Lanham, Maryland and London, 1999. Pp.xxxvi + 463. 18 tables. $65 (cloth) ISBN 0–8108–3584–3 Zukunft der Sozialpartnerschaft: Veränderungsdynamik und Reformbedarf. Edited by F. Karlhofer and E. Tálos. Vienna: Signum, 1999. Pp.301, 9 tables, 3 figures, ATS 350 ISBN 3–85436–297–8. Geografia della cittadinanza sociale in Italia. By Valeria Fargion. Bologna: II Mulino, 1997. Pp.351, biblio, index. L.45,000 (paper) ISBN 88–15–06127–4. 相似文献
997.
Walter DeKeseredy Joseph F. Donnermeyer Martin D. Schwartz Kenneth D. Tunnell Mandy Hall 《Critical Criminology》2007,15(4):295-311
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
相似文献
Walter DeKeseredy (Corresponding author)Email: |
Joseph F. DonnermeyerEmail: |
Martin D. SchwartzEmail: |
Kenneth D. TunnellEmail: |
Mandy HallEmail: |
998.
The effects of closed-circuit television on crime: meta-analysis of an English national quasi-experimental multi-site evaluation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
David P. Farrington Martin Gill Sam J. Waples Javier Argomaniz 《Journal of Experimental Criminology》2007,3(1):21-38
This article reports results obtained in an English national quasi-experimental multi-site evaluation of 14 closed-circuit
television (CCTV) projects in residential areas, town and city centers, a city hospital, and car parks (parking lots). Both
police and victimization data were collected before and after the installation of CCTV in target, control and buffer areas,
and police Divisions. The results showed that CCTV was effective in reducing crimes in train station car parks but not in
city centers or residential areas, seemed to be effective in reducing vehicle crimes (but not other types of crimes), and
was most effective when the degree of coverage by CCTV was high and when CCTV was combined with other interventions such as
improved lighting. Implications for situational crime prevention theory are drawn. There was no evidence of displacement or
diffusion of benefits. It is concluded that CCTV needs to be implemented more effectively, based on an analysis of the crime
problem and its causes, and needs to be evaluated using a randomized experimental design.
David P. Farrington is Professor of Psychological Criminology at Cambridge University. His major research interests are in the development of offending and the effectiveness of interventions. He is co-chair of the Campbell Collaboration Crime and Justice Group and a former President of the American Society of Criminology, the British Society of Criminology, the European Association of Psychology and Law, and the Academy of Experimental Criminology. Martin Gill is Director of Perpetuity Research and Consultancy International, a ‘spin-out’ company from the University of Leicester, where he was formerly a Professor of Criminology. He led the Home Office national evaluation of closed-circuit television (CCTV) and is currently researching offenders’ perspectives on fraud, shop theft and robbery. Sam J. Waples is currently a research assistant at Birkbeck College, University of London. His main interest lies in the application of geographical information systems (GIS) and spatial analysis. He is responsible for mapping as well as spatial and statistical analysis of geographical datasets for a variety of projects. He was formerly a research assistant at the Department of Criminology, University of Leicester. Javier Argomaniz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Nottingham, where he is conducting research on European Union counter-terrorism policies. He was formerly a research assistant in the Department of Criminology, University of Leicester. 相似文献
Javier ArgomanizEmail: |
David P. Farrington is Professor of Psychological Criminology at Cambridge University. His major research interests are in the development of offending and the effectiveness of interventions. He is co-chair of the Campbell Collaboration Crime and Justice Group and a former President of the American Society of Criminology, the British Society of Criminology, the European Association of Psychology and Law, and the Academy of Experimental Criminology. Martin Gill is Director of Perpetuity Research and Consultancy International, a ‘spin-out’ company from the University of Leicester, where he was formerly a Professor of Criminology. He led the Home Office national evaluation of closed-circuit television (CCTV) and is currently researching offenders’ perspectives on fraud, shop theft and robbery. Sam J. Waples is currently a research assistant at Birkbeck College, University of London. His main interest lies in the application of geographical information systems (GIS) and spatial analysis. He is responsible for mapping as well as spatial and statistical analysis of geographical datasets for a variety of projects. He was formerly a research assistant at the Department of Criminology, University of Leicester. Javier Argomaniz is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics and International Relations, University of Nottingham, where he is conducting research on European Union counter-terrorism policies. He was formerly a research assistant in the Department of Criminology, University of Leicester. 相似文献
999.
Chèze M Deveaux M Martin C Lhermitte M Pépin G 《Forensic science international》2007,170(2-3):100-104
A rapid and sensitive method using LC-MS/MS triple stage quadrupole for the determination of traces of amphetamine (AP), methamphetamine (MA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, "ecstasy"), 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA), and N-methyl-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine (MBDB) in hair, blood and urine has been developed and validated. Chromatography was carried out on an Uptisphere ODB C(18) 5 microm, 2.1 mm x 150 mm column (Interchim, France) with a gradient of acetonitrile and formate 2 mM pH 3.0 buffer. Urine and blood were extracted with Toxitube A (Varian, France). Segmented scalp hair was treated by incubation 15 min at 80 degrees C in NaOH 1M before liquid-liquid extraction with hexane/ethyl acetate (2/1, v/v). The limits of quantification (LOQ) in blood and urine were at 0.1 ng/mL for all analytes. In hair, LOQ was <5 pg/mg for MA, MDMA, MDEA and MBDB, at 14.7 pg/mg for AP and 15.7 pg/mg for MDA. Calibration curves were linear in the range 0.1-50 ng/mL in blood and urine; in the range 5-500 pg/mg for MA, MDMA, MDEA and MBDB, and 20-500 pg/mg for AP and MDA. Inter-day precisions were <13% for all analytes in all matrices. Accuracy was <20% in blood and urine at 1 and 50 ng/mL and <10% in hair at 20 and 250 pg/mg. This method was applied to the determination of MDMA in a forensic case of single administration of ecstasy to a 16-year-old female without her knowledge during a party. She suffered from hyperactivity, sweating and agitation. A first sample of urine was collected a few hours after (T+12h) and tested positive to amphetamines by immunoassay by a clinical laboratory. Blood and urine were sampled for forensic purposes at day 8 (D+8) and scalp hair at day 60 (D+60). No MDMA was detected in blood, but urine and hair were tested positive, respectively at 0.42 ng/mL and at 22 pg/mg in hair only in the segment corresponding to the period of the offence, while no MDA was detectable. This method allows the detection of MDMA up to 8 days in urine after single intake. 相似文献
1000.
Choi MJ Smoother T Martin AA McDonagh AM Maynard PJ Lennard C Roux C 《Forensic science international》2007,173(2-3):154-160
A new, highly fluorescent dye was synthesised using oleylamine combined with a perylene dianhydride compound. The new dye was characterised by 1H NMR, UV-vis spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as quantum yield. The dye was absorbed onto titanium dioxide nanoparticles for use as a fingerprint detection powder. The new fluorescent powder was applied to latent fingermarks deposited onto different non-porous surfaces and compared with commercial fluorescent powders. The powder exhibits strong fluorescence at 650-700 nm under excitation at 505 nm. On glass surfaces, the new powder gave images showing tertiary-level detail of the fingermark ridges with almost no background development. Compared with current magnetic fluorescent powders, the new powder was slightly weaker in fluorescence intensity but produced significantly less background development, resulting in good contrast between the fingermark and the substrate. 相似文献