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Information exchange in policy networks is usually attributed to preference similarity, influence reputation, social trust, and institutional actor roles. We suggest that political opportunity structures and transaction costs play another crucial role and estimate a rich statistical network model on tie formation in the German toxic chemicals policy domain. The results indicate that the effect of preference similarity is absorbed by institutional, relational, and social opportunity structures. Political actors choose contacts who minimize transaction costs while maximizing outreach and information. We also find that different types of information exchange operate in complementary, but not necessarily congruent, ways. 相似文献
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Corporate response strategies to regulatory uncertainty: evidence from uncertainty about post-Kyoto regulation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A better understanding of firms’ response strategies to regulatory uncertainty enables policymakers to improve policymaking
efficiency and to enhance the effectiveness of regulation. Based on a literature review, we categorize responses according
to their objective toward regulatory uncertainty into four strategies: avoidance, reduction, adaptation, and disregard strategies.
Unique data from a worldwide cross-industry survey show that firms predominantly pursue reduction, and to a lesser extent
adaptation and disregard strategies, in response to post-Kyoto regulatory uncertainty. Surprisingly, firms in fact only sporadically
pursue avoidance strategies, in contradiction to their own public announcements commonly made during policymaking to realize
such strategies. The degree of regulatory uncertainty perceived and its interpretation as a threat increase the pursuit of
most of these strategies. In addition, firms’ response strategies to post-Kyoto regulatory uncertainty differ across industries
and partly across regions. 相似文献
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Georg Schmitt Claudia C. Halter Rolf Aderjan Volker Auwaerter Wolfgang Weinmann 《Forensic science international》2010,194(1-3):34-38
For 12 volunteers of a drinking experiment the concentration–time-courses of ethyl sulfate (EtS) and ethanol were simulated and fitted to the experimental data. The concentration–time-courses were described with the same mathematical model as previously used for ethyl glucuronide (EtG). The kinetic model based on the following assumptions and simplifications: a velocity constant kform for the first order formation of ethyl sulfate from ethanol and an exponential elimination constant kel. The mean values (and standard deviations) obtained for kform and kel were 0.00052 h?1 (0.00014) and 0.561 h?1 (0.131), respectively. Using the ranges of these parameters it is possible to calculate minimum and maximum serum concentrations of EtS based on stated ethanol doses and drinking times. The comparison of calculated and measured concentrations can prove the plausibility of alleged ethanol consumption and add evidence to the retrospective calculation of ethanol concentrations based on EtG concentrations. 相似文献
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Ricardo Carrere and Larry Lohman: Pulping the South: Industrial Tree Plantations and the World Paper Economy. London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 1996. Patrick McCully: Silenced Rivers: The Ecology and the Politics of Large Dams. London and New Jersey: Zed Books, 1996. 相似文献
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Gaines and Taagepera [(2013) How to operationalize two-partyness. Journal of Elections Public Opinion and Parties, 23(4), pp. 387–404] propose two indices of two-party competition for district-level data, both of which are alleged to be flawed. The case against them rests mainly on whether or not elections with one dominant party should be regarded as exhibiting one- or two-way competition. For those inclined to see 90–10% and 50–50% outcomes are different in kind, our indices can provide better measures than the popular effective number of parties or the “gap”. We agree that assessment of a set of outcomes, in a given election or over time, requires careful attention to the important distinction between micro-level data and aggregate measures. 相似文献
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Volker Boehme-Neßler 《Journal für Rechtspolitik》2009,17(1):1-12
Das Recht ist in modernen Gesellschaften ein wichtiges Steuerungsmittel. Schon bisher ist es allerdings nicht das einzige Instrument gewesen, um gesellschaftliche Entwicklungen und individuelles Verhalten zu beeinflussen. Es gab und gibt Bereiche, die sich selbst organisieren und in denen staatliches Recht aus unterschiedlichen Gründen nicht das entscheidende Steuerungsmittel ist. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, wie sich die zunehmende Digitalisierung der modernen Gesellschaften auf die Steuerungsfähigkeit des Rechts auswirkt. Er kommt dabei zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Bedeutung des Rechts in der digitalisierten und hoch fragmentierten Welt abnimmt. Das Recht muss sich deshalb Verbündete in anderen Bereichen der Gesellschaft suchen, um weiterhin Steuerungsfunktionen für die Gesellschaft wahrnehmen zu können. Der Beitrag skizziert, wer als Verbündeter des Rechts in Frage kommt und wie die notwendigen transrechtlichen Kooperationen aussehen könnten. 相似文献