Congressional Leadership 1965–96: A New Look at the Extremism versus Centrality Debate

Abstract An examination of the differences between the ideological positions of leaders and other members in the U.S. House of Representatives (1965–96) demonstrates that Republican leaders tend to be significantly to the right of the median Republican member and Democratic leaders tend to be significantly to the left of the median Democratic member. Furthermore, leaders from both parties tend to be ideologically located near the mode of their party's ideological distribution. These empirical results have implications for issues such as party polarization, conditional party government, and the possibility of separating out party and ideology.     

国际劳工标准的理念

<正>很高兴再次访问中国,这也是我第一次在北京,到北大法学院及北大劳动法与社会保障法研究所出席这样一个会议。我要为您,叶静漪教授能够在中国举办这样一个会,表示祝贺。我希望这只是中国与西方、与美国,发展中国家与发达国家间交流联系的一个开始,将来还会有更多的机会,因为这样的交流联系对于中美两国友好关系的发展,以及建立有效的国际机构都是非常重要的。国际劳工标准的理念非常重要,在概念上它亦新亦旧。它发端于19世纪,当时市场力量     

Charting a Course for the Coming Years

SHORTLY after the Spring Festival,China be-gins its annual"political season"with the con-vening of the Two Sessions,the session of the National People's Congress(NPC)and that of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference(CPPCC).This year both of these events have a very special significance.First,it will be the start of a new Five-Year Plan period,and secondly,this year marks the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Commu-nist Party of China.This will be the source of a great deal of celebration throughout the year.     

An Empirical Review of Family Group Conferencing in Juvenile Offenses

This study reports the results of an effect size analysis of the effectiveness of family group conferencing (FGC) on recidivism and satisfaction in juvenile offenses. Analyses were conducted on nine studies consisting of 2,880 juveniles. The average recidivism effect size for all studies showed no FGC treatment effect on recidivism. A total satisfaction effect size was calculated by the mean score of all satisfaction variables for victims, offenders, and supporters. The average total satisfaction effect size was moderate. The average effect size for satisfaction of victim, offender, and supporters was calculated for all satisfaction variables. The average total satisfaction effect size for victims was strong, moderate for offenders, and mild for parents and supporters. Between groups, comparisons were conducted to examine differences in overall satisfaction by participant group. While there were higher effect sizes for victims compared to supporters and offenders, there were no statistically significant differences between groups. Results find no support for the effectiveness of FGC in reducing recidivism. Results do show higher effect sizes for FGC in comparison to control groups in satisfaction with the criminal justice process. Recommendations for methodological improvements in future FGC research are discussed.