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Wade C. Jacobsen 《犯罪学》2020,58(1):35-69
School suspension is a common form of punishment in the United States that is disproportionately concentrated among racial minority and disadvantaged youth. In labeling theories, the implication is that such stigmatized sanctions may lead to interpersonal exclusion from normative others and to greater involvement with antisocial peers. I test this implication in the context of rural schools by 1) examining the association between suspension and discontinuity in same-grade friendship ties, focusing on three mechanisms implied in labeling theories: rejection, withdrawal, and physical separation; 2) testing the association between suspension and increased involvement with antisocial peers; and (3) assessing whether these associations are stronger in smaller schools. Consistent with labeling theories, I find suspension associated with greater discontinuity in friendship ties, based on changes in the respondents’ friendship preferences and self-reports of their peers. My findings are also consistent with changes in perceptual measures of exclusion. Additionally, I find suspension associated with greater involvement with substance-using peers. Some but not all of these associations are stronger in smaller rural schools. Given the disproportionate distribution of suspension, my findings indicate that an excessive reliance on this exclusionary form of punishment may foster inequality among these youth. 相似文献
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The 1988 Assembly elections in South Korea provide an opportunity to explore whether voting based on short-term economic fluctuations
was a feature of the elections. The research design regresses party votes from a large sample of the 224 electoral districts
against several well-known determinants of Korean voting behavior (regionalism, urban-rural residence, and social class),
as well as district unemployment rates and levels and changes in income. With traditional explanations of voting behavior
held constant, income variables had no apparent influence on the vote. However, the coefficients for unemployment rates are
large, statistically significant, and in a direction entirely consistent with the theory of rational economic voting. There
are grounds for including short-term economic variables in future modeling of Korean electoral behavior. 相似文献
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The case of Aileen Wuornos, executed in Florida for the serial killing of seven men, is studied to determine her degree of psychopathy and the presence or absence of sexuality or sexual sadism as a motivation or gratification for her crimes. The authors, one of whom evaluated the subject shortly before her death, determined that she evidenced a psychopathic personality (PCL-R score 32). She also met DSM-IV-TR criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder. While her killings ostensibly were carried out during routine acts of prostitution, there was ambiguous evidence that her crimes were sexually motivated or gratifying. Her articulated motivation was robbery and elimination of the witness/victim. After carefully considering all available data, the authors concluded there was no convincing evidence of sexual sadism in either her personal history or her method of committing serial murder, and it remains unclear whether sexual gratification was to some degree a motivating factor in her commission of these offenses. The confluence of early childhood attachment disruptions, severe psychopathy, other personality disorder pathology, and a traumagenic abuse history likely contributed to her having serially murdered seven victims. 相似文献
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Wade Engelson 《Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology》1999,14(2):11-19
This article examines how the values communicated by Field Training Officers (FTOs) influence the behaviors of police recruits
to conform to the norms of the police culture. Analysis and interpretation of the written responses of police recruits to
a program evaluation form in a police department located in the western United States were used to identify the explicit and
implicit values that were communicated during the Field Training Program (FTP). The findings of this study indicated that
although positive explicit values were communicated during the FTP, several potentially negative implicit values were also
communicated to police recruits. Consequently, the perceived status of the FTO is an important factor in police recruits learning
job-related values. Recommendations are made for developing effective leadership strategies for bringing greater levels of
congruency between the explicit and implicit values of law enforcement organizations that are communicated to police recruits
during the training process and organizational socialization.
Author Note: Wade Engelson is a lieutenant with the Fresno Police Department. He has been with the department for 12 years and is currently
assigned as the Commander of the Special Investigations Bureau. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Business/Economics and a Master’s
degree in Public Administration from California State University, Fresno. He holds a Doctorate in Educational Leadership from
the University of California, Davis/California State University, Fresno Joint Doctoral Program. He has taught in a variety
of settings and has published articles in the fields of sexual harassment, organizational socialization, tactics, and training
issues. His research interests include leadership issues, organizational socialization, and the hidden curriculum of organizations. 相似文献
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Marianne Wade Paul Smit Bruno Aubusson de Cavarlay 《European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research》2008,14(2-3):133-143
This article explores the role played by prosecutors during the court stage of criminal proceedings. It complements Peter et al.’s chapter on negotiated case settlements in showing how the power to decide cases is divided between judges and prosecutors when cases are taken to court. Providing information as to, e.g. what influence prosecutors in the 11 study countries have on what evidence is brought to court in “normal” and accelerated court proceedings, this chapter explores the balance of responsibilities in court rooms across Europe. 相似文献