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21.
This study of municipal enforcement of agro‐environmental regulations in Denmark provides an empirical understanding of how enforcement affects compliance. A key contribution is sorting out the relative influence of inspectors' different styles of enforcement and choices made by enforcement agencies. The latter are shown to be more important in bringing about compliance than are inspectors' enforcement styles. Municipal agencies are shown to increase compliance through the use of third parties, more frequent inspection, and setting priorities for inspection of major items. The findings about enforcement styles of inspectors suggest it is necessary to get tough up to a point, but beyond that the threat of coercion can be counterproductive. These findings cast doubt on the effectiveness of overly legalistic enforcement styles, particularly for the Danish culture with its strong emphasis on cooperation and consultation in regulation. But the findings also advise us to be cautious about the use of cooperative styles of enforcement in that we find evidence for capture of the enforcement process by agricultural organizations. This leads to a more nuanced view of enforcement rather than the broad generalizations found in the literature concerning legalism and cooperation. © 1999 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management. <@:> 相似文献
22.
Nicholas J. G. Winter 《Political Behavior》2010,32(4):587-618
During the past three decades Americans have come to view the parties increasingly in gendered terms of masculinity and femininity.
Utilizing three decades of American National Election Studies data and the results of a cognitive reaction-time experiment,
this paper demonstrates empirically that these connections between party images and gender stereotypes have been forged at
the explicit level of the traits that Americans associate with each party, and also at the implicit level of unconscious cognitive
connections between gender and party stereotypes. These connections between the parties and masculinity and femininity have
important implications for citizens’ political cognition and for the study of American political behavior. 相似文献
23.
This study addresses enforcement styles of regulatory inspectors, based on an examination of the municipal enforcement of agro‐environmental policies in Denmark. Our findings make three contributions to the regulatory literature. One contribution is to add empirical support for theorizing about inspectors' enforcement styles as consisting of multiple components, rather than a single continuum. We show that inspectors' enforcement styles comprise the degree of formalism and the degree of coercion that they exercise when carrying out inspections. A second contribution is in showing the relationship of different types of enforcement styles to the two underlying dimensions of the concept. A third contribution is an examination of the ways in which inspectors' enforcement styles relate to their enforcement actions. The consistency of our findings with those of other studies suggests that the dimensions and types of inspectors' enforcement styles that we observed in Denmark can be generalized to other settings. 相似文献
24.
25.
Prof. Dr. Gerd Winter 《Natur und Recht》2007,29(10):635-641
Im ersten Teil des Aufsatzes ging es um die Beachtung des Naturschutzes bei der Freisetzungsgenehmigung, der IVB-Genehmigung,
den nachmarktlichen Ma?nahmen und den sog. vereinfachten/differenzierten Verfahren. über diese klassisch umweltrechtliche
Anforderung hinaus ist denkbar, dass manche Fl?chen von GVO ganz freigehalten werden, damit neben der Gentechnik einsetzenden
Landnutzung naturn?here ?kosysteme erhalten bleiben. Dieser Frage widmet sich der zweite Teil. Er schlie?t mit einer Zusammenfassung
des ganzen Beitrags ab. 相似文献
26.
This article debunks the widespread view that young female celebrities, especially those who rise to fame through reality shows and other forms of media-orchestrated self-exposure, dodge “real” work out of laziness, fatalism, and a misguided sense of entitlement. Instead, the authors argue that becoming a celebrity in a neoliberal economy such as that of the United Kingdom, where austerity measures disproportionately disadvantage the young, women, and the poor, is not as irregular or exceptional a choice as previously thought, especially since the precariousness of celebrity earning power adheres to the current demands of the neoliberal economy on its workforce. What is more, becoming a celebrity involves different forms of labor that are best described as biopolitical, since such labor fully involves and consumes the human body and its capacities as a living organism. Weight gain and weight loss, pregnancy, physical transformation through plastic surgery, physical symptoms of emotional distress, and even illness and death are all photographically documented and supplemented by extended textual commentary, usually with direct input from the celebrity, reinforcing and expanding on the visual content. As well as casting celebrity work as labor, the authors also maintain that the workings of celebrity should always be examined in the context of wider cultural, social and real economies. 相似文献
27.
Elke Winter 《Swiss Political Science Review》2009,15(1):133-168
Dieser Aufsatz untersucht die Konstruktion multikultureller nationaler Identität am Beispiel Kanadas. Mittels einer Untersuchung ausgewählter Artikel zweier großer kanadischer Zeitungen, der Globe and Mail und der Toronto Star in den 1990er Jahren wird gezeigt, dass sowohl Kanada-USA Gegenüberstellungen als auch Vergleiche des englischsprachigen Kanadas mit dem französischsprachigen Quebec eine wichtige Rolle für die Konstruktion des Mythos “multikulturelles Kanada” spielen. Die mittels der Fallstudie gewonnenen Einsichten werden anschließend dazu genutzt, zwei in der Fachliteratur gängige Darstellungen des Kanada-Quebec Verhältnisses zu nuancieren und die Konstruktion eines multikulturellen nationalen Selbstverständnisses theoretisch zu erfassen. 相似文献
28.
29.
European Community standards of environmental law are commonly framed in terms of the risks of activities to human health and the environment. Under this cover of uni-dimensional concern, considerations of an activity's benefits, regulatory costs and the availability of alternatives play a crucial role in the regulatory practice. The REACH proposal is a first and ambitious attempt to bring these other dimensions to the fore and give them shape. This article analyses this approach, identifies its merits and flaws, and develops a scheme that makes the complex calculus practicable. It is submitted that the scheme is applicable also in other areas of EC environmental law. 相似文献
30.
Chris Baerveldt Hans Bunkers Micha De Winter Jan Kooistra 《Crime, Law and Social Change》1998,29(1):31-47
Using criteria from recent work by Goode and Ben Yehuda, this article tests the hypothesis that a moral panic relating to
(youth) crime has been going on in the Netherlands since 1990. Most of the criteria are met. There is concern about the problem
of crime and a consensus on solutions. There are also indications that public disquiet grew out of proportion compared to
trends in crime and victimization, and that the panic erupted fairly suddenly. It is not possible to identify a clearer scapegoat
than a diffuse image of “the” criminal. It is unclear what caused this panic. It seems unlikely that the panic started as
a reaction to public problems, but nor is it possible to state that elites started it or that it was caused by bureaucratic
processes at an intermediate level. Several methodological problems connected with the testing of the criteria are discussed.
It is recommended that one criterion be added: that of misdirection of reactions to a social problem. It is also recommended
that future research should be comparative, either comparing several minor local panics, or comparing panics or non-panics
related to equivalent social problems.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献