From a Symbolic Boom to a Marketing Bust: Genesis and Reconstruction of a Field of Legal and Political Expertise at the Crossroads of a Europe Opening to the Atlantic

The short history of environmental institutions and policies in Europe is marked by their radical reorientation. While environmental protection devices were initially conceived in the 1970s by using the classical model of the "watchdog state," they underwent a shift during the 1990s: the ineffectiveness produced by bureaucratic constraints served as a pretext to hasten the disengagement of the state to the benefit of a regulation negotiated on the basis of financial incentives. The management of environmental issues now relies on the construction of an international market of sustainable development (or of a "rights to pollute" market, similar to that which has been established by the Kyoto protocol). The emergence and reconstruction of this field of expertise can be seen as a kind of microcosm of the perpetually unfinished Tower of Babel that is the European construction. One of the merits of this subject matter is to highlight the internal and external dynamics that have favored the success of a neoliberal counterattack.     

Profiling of counterfeit medicines by vibrational spectroscopy

Counterfeit pharmaceutical products have become a widespread problem in the last decade. Various analytical techniques have been applied to discriminate between genuine and counterfeit products. Among these, Near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy provided promising results. The present study offers a methodology allowing to provide more valuable information for organisations engaged in the fight against counterfeiting of medicines. A database was established by analyzing counterfeits of a particular pharmaceutical product using Near-infrared (NIR) and Raman spectroscopy. Unsupervised chemometric techniques (i.e. principal component analysis - PCA and hierarchical cluster analysis - HCA) were implemented to identify the classes within the datasets. Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to determine the number of different chemical profiles within the counterfeits. A comparison with the classes established by NIR and Raman spectroscopy allowed to evaluate the discriminating power provided by these techniques. Supervised classifiers (i.e. k-Nearest Neighbors, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis, Probabilistic Neural Networks and Counterpropagation Artificial Neural Networks) were applied on the acquired NIR and Raman spectra and the results were compared to the ones provided by the unsupervised classifiers. The retained strategy for routine applications, founded on the classes identified by NIR and Raman spectroscopy, uses a classification algorithm based on distance measures and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves. The model is able to compare the spectrum of a new counterfeit with that of previously analyzed products and to determine if a new specimen belongs to one of the existing classes, consequently allowing to establish a link with other counterfeits of the database.     

Is the general data protection regulation the solution?

Never has a text been received with so many requests for amendments; never has the debate around it been so huge. Some see it as a simple duplicate of the Directive 95/46; others present the GDPR, as a monster. In the context of this birthday, it cannot be a question of analyzing this text or of launching new ideas, but simply of raising two questions. I state the first as follows: "In the end, what are the major features that cross and justify this regulation? In addition, the second: "Is the regulation adequate for today's digital challenges to our societies and freedoms? The answers given in the following lines express the opinion of their author. It is just an invitation for a dialogue to go forth in this journal where so many excellent reflections have been published on Digital Law, thanks to our common friend: Steve.     

Bien-êre social ou bien-être provincial: vers une refonte du programme de péréquation

Sommaire: Le présent système de financement de la fédération canadienne n'incite pas les provinces qui réçoivent des paiements de péréquation à réduire leur dépendance à l'égard du gouvernement fédéral. Par ailleurs, étant donné que sa politique de transferts aux provinces et aux personnes entérine implicitement des mesures provinciales qui détériorent leur capacité concurrentielle, le gouvernement fédéral se voit obligé d'augmenter ses paiements de transferts à celles-ci. Dans cet article, l'auteur illustre cette situation à l'aide d'une simulation de l'impact d'une hausse du PIB du Québec et des Maritimes sur les équilibres budgétaires de ces gouvernements et du gouvernement fédéral. La simulation permet de montrer l'asymétrie de réaction des budgets du gouvernement fédéral et des provinces face à une variation de l'activité. Face à cette situation, l'auteur propose une modification du régime de péréquation qui permettrait de réduire la dépendance provinciale à l'égard des transferts fédéraux. Il indique que ce mécanisme ne devrait pas dépendre de décisions politiques mais plutôt s'appuyer sur des critères économiques visant à favoriser une hausse de l'efficacitééconomique. Un tribunal indépendant devrait être chargé de faire l'application de ces principes. Abstract: Provinces that are eligible for equalization payments are not induced to reduce their dependence on federal transfer payments. Within the existing system, the central government implicitly approves provincial measures that can lessen regional economic growth and, as a consequence, increases its payments to these provinces. In this paper, this aspect is emphasized with a simulation exercise showing the budgetary impact at the provincial (Quebec and Maritimes) and federal level of an increase in economic activity. The author then proposes a modification of the existing equalization program that would encourage provinces to reduce their dependence on federal transfer payments. This new equalization payment scheme would not depend upon political decisions but would rather be enforced by an independent tribunal.     

La responsabilité civile personnelle du fonctionnaire

Sommaire. Cette étude a pour but de comparer le régime de la responsabilité civile personnelle du fonctionnaire au Canada avec quelques systèmes étrangers et de formuler des recommandations de nature à assurer au fonctionnaire une plus grande sécurité juridique. L'auteur examine comment est engagée la responsabilité personnelle des fonctionnaires, ainsi que les objectifs et les obstacles à sa mise en euvre. II observe notamment, que les citoyens sont relativement démunis à l'égard des forces policiéres locales, à cause de l'absence d'une relation de préposition entre le policier et la municipalité. II note cependant, que généralement, dans le systéme canadien, ie fonctionnaire n'est jamais à l'abri de poursuites personnelles, alors qu'il peut avoir agit en dehors de ses fonctions. Abstract. The purpose of this study is to compare the personal liability of the civil servant in Canada with some foreign systems and to formulate recommendations that would insure better legal protection to the civil servant.     

Social Policy in Hard Times: Crisis-Coping Strategies in Europe from 1976 to 2013

ABSTRACT

Scholarly contributions linking welfare state and crisis management literature still lack a consistent conceptualization of the central matter of interest. To remedy this shortcoming, this article provides a classification of four potential crisis-coping strategies and analyzes the policy outputs of 11 European countries from 1976 to 2013 on the basis of an innovative dataset. The analysis shows that strong deviations from the status quo ante are the rule rather than the exception in times of economic hardship. Furthermore, it reveals a clear shift from the crisis-coping strategy of “Social Protectionism” over “Muddling Through” and “Welfare State Restructuring” to “Austerity” over time.     

Neglected challenges to evidence-based policy-making: the problem of policy accumulation

Claims for evidence-based policy-making are motivated by the assumption that if practitioners and scholars want to learn about effective policy design, they also can. This paper argues that this is becoming more and more challenging with the conventional approaches due to the accumulation of national policy portfolios, characterized by (a) a growing number of different policy targets and instruments, that (b) are often interdependent and (c) reformed in an uncontrolled way. These factors undermine our ability to accurately relate outcome changes to individual components within the respective policy mix. Therefore, policy accumulation becomes an additional source of the well-known ‘attribution problem’ in evaluation research. We argue that policy accumulation poses fundamental challenges to existing approaches of evidence-based policy-making. Moreover, these challenges are very likely to create a trade-off between the need for increasing methodological sophistication on one side, and the decreasing political impact of more fine-grained and conditional findings of evaluation results on the other.     

Hypocrisy as a crisis response? Assessing changes in talk,decisions, and actions of the European Commission in EU environmental policy

In this article, we assess the changing role of the European Commission in EU environmental policy. In line with organizational theory, we expect organizational hypocrisy, namely a decoupling of talk, decisions, and actions, to characterize the Commission's behaviour in the aftermath of the financial and economic crisis. We analyse the extent to which the Commission (1) promotes environmental matters and concepts in press releases and public statements; (2) proposes new and stricter environmental policy changes; and (3) takes action against member states in cases of non-compliance between the years 2000 and 2016. Our empirical analysis reveals that the Commission has indeed moved towards a pattern of hypocritical policy entrepreneurship in the post-crisis period. We argue that the decoupling of talk, decision, and action allows the European Commission to keep up its reputation as an environmental policy entrepreneur while, at the same, satisfying member states’ preference for economic recovery and less environmental regulation.