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P. Alex Latta 《Citizenship Studies》2007,11(3):229-246
To date, most treatments of ecological citizenship have been concerned with identifying the ways in which particular approaches to citizenship might provide political tools for working toward more sustainable futures. The present analysis builds on an alternate perspective, which instead treats nature and citizenship as dynamic interconnected sites of power relations. While not dismissive of the existing literature, this approach is partly informed by a concern for promoting a more democratic politics of nature, rather than simply “greener” practices of citizenship. Furthermore, it calls for a more empirically-based analysis of the way in which nature is politicized by different social actors. By way of putting this perspective into practice, the essay examines the case of a conflict over hydroelectric development on the Bío Bío River, in southern Chile, seeking to document the way that nature is constructed vis-à-vis the country's dominant citizenship regime, and also to identify the insurgent voices of alternate ecological citizenships. This is achieved by comparing the discourses of nature and citizenship employed by various actors in the conflict, including proponents of the dams, environmentalists, and the Pehuenche indigenous people, whose lands were at the centre of the struggle. While environmentalists and the Pehuenche can be seen to have advanced significant challenges to the market-based citizenship of Chile's post-dictatorship liberal democracy, the failure of the resistance ultimately led to a re-consolidation of the central ideological components of the existing eco-political order. 相似文献
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Greenspoon SA Ban JD Pablo L Crouse CA Kist FG Tomsey CS Glessner AL Mihalacki LR Long TM Heidebrecht BJ Braunstein CA Freeman DA Soberalski C Nathan B Amin AS Douglas EK Schumm JW 《Journal of forensic sciences》2004,49(1):71-80
The PowerPlex 16 BIO multiplex short tandem repeat (STR) system contains the 13 CODIS loci (FGA, TPOX, D8S1179, vWA, D18S51, D21S11, TH01, D3S1358, CSF1PO, D16S539, D7S820, D13S317, and DS5S818), plus two pentanucleotide repeat loci (Penta D and Penta E) and the sex-identifying locus. Amelogenin. The PowerPlex 16 BIO System is optimized for use with the Hitachi FMBIO gel imaging systems. A consortium of seven independent laboratories collaborated to perform the studies defined by the FBI standards for performing a developmental validation, including the evaluation of sample concordance, percent stutter determination, nonprobative casework, precision, sensitivity, mixture determination, effect of substrates, the impact of environmental insults, and species specificity. All samples tested for concordance were consistent except for one sample from the Virginia Division of Forensic Science database that displayed discordance at D13S317, a locus whose primer sequence was altered. Stutter values were comparable to those of other STR multiplex systems, the precision was comparable to other multiplexes analyzed by gel electrophoresis, the DNA profiles were unchanged by the substrate upon which the blood samples were placed, and the nonprobative casework samples re-typed for the PowerPlex 16 BIO System were consistent with previous typing results. When greater than 0.125 ng of DNA was placed into the PowerPlex 16 BIO System amplification reaction, a full profile was generated by all laboratories. The mixture study results were comparable to those reported for other multiplex systems, the environmental study demonstrated a loss of larger molecular weight loci when samples were incubated at elevated temperatures for a prolonged period of time, and the only notable cross species hybridization was observed with primate DNA samples. This extensive validation work performed demonstrates that the PowerPlex 16 BIO System provides STR data of a quality comparable with other PowerPlex STR multiplex kits as well as other widely used STR multiplexes and is thus suitable for evidentiary casework analysis as well as database sample profiling. 相似文献
405.
Cauffman E Piquero AR Broidy L Espelage DL Mazerolle P 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2004,48(2):235-252
This article examines the relation among gender, social-emotional adjustment, and deviant behavior among serious juvenile offenders. A sample of 105 adolescent offenders completed questionnaires assessing social-emotional characteristics and self-reported involvement in deviant behaviors. Results indicate significant associations between distress and restraint in predicting deviance, a finding that was invariant across gender. Analysis of four distinct social-emotional profiles found that membership in the reactive group was associated with the greatest amount of deviant behavior. Results also indicate that not only do serious offending girls internalize more than serious offending boys, they appear equally likely to externalize. However, although boys exhibit less distress than girls, those boys who report high rates of deviance may exhibit internalizing and externalizing problems similar to girls. The use of social-emotional measures in general, and distinct profiles in particular, may aid in targeting specific programming and treatment in an effort to provide offenders with more effective interventions. 相似文献
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Recent experimental evaluations have suggested little or no effect of batterer programs on reassault but are compromised by methodological and analytical issues. This study assesses program effect using propensity score analysis with a quasi-experimental sample in an attempt to address these issues. The sample consisted of 633 batterers and their partners from three geographically dispersed batterer programs and a 15-month follow-up with their female partners. Subclassification on propensity scores was used to balance program completers and program dropouts. The propensity score was estimated as the probability of completing the batterer program conditional on observable characteristics. Direct adjustment indicates that program completion reduced the probability of reassault during the 15-month follow-up by 33% for the full sample, and by nearly 50% for the court-ordered men. 相似文献
408.
Grounded in Stephen Skowronek's typology of presidential leadership, this paper furthers our understanding of 'pre-emptive leadership' through a comparative analysis of the welfare and Social Security reforms pursued by US presidents Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton. Although not identical, their experience in these areas provides valuable insight into the difficulty of wielding power in an inhospitable political environment. The paper starts with a brief presentation of Skowronek's typology before discussing the electoral strategies employed by both presidents as they attempted to frame political identities that would allow them to compete successfully in unfavourable ideological and political circumstances. The paper then specifically focuses on the politics of welfare and Social Security reform as the two presidents used these issues as part of their efforts to craft distinctive political images and attract wider electoral support. This comparative analysis reinforces the concept of 'pre-emption' as a valuable tool in understanding presidential behaviour. However, it also underlines the limits of pre-emptive leadership. Pre-emptive strategies can be effective at election time, but they are less likely to succeed in the legislative arena. This reality complicates the presidential search for genuine policy legacies. 相似文献
409.
This article examines four accepted wisdoms about HIV/AIDS andAfrican armies and in each case concludes that substantial revisionis necessary in the light of emerging evidence. First, it appearsthat military populations do not necessarily have a higher prevalenceof HIV than civilian populations. HIV levels in armies dependon many factors including the demographics of the army, itspattern of deployment, the nature and stage of the epidemicin the country concerned, and the measures taken to controlthe disease by the military authorities. Second, although theepidemic has the potential to undermine the functioning of nationalmilitaries, and may have done so in isolated instances, armiesin general are well placed to withstand the threat. Third, evidencethat war contributes to the spread of the virus is meagre andsuggests that we should be concerned primarily with specificrisks that conflict may entail including population mobilityand changing sexual networks. Lastly, the hypothesis that AIDShas the potential to disrupt national, regional, and internationalsecurity remains speculative.
1. Roger Yeager, Craig Hendrix, and Stuart Kingma, Internationalmilitary Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiencysyndrome policies and programs: strengths and limitations incurrent practice, Military Medicine 165, 2 (2000), pp.8792.
2. S. Kingma, AIDS prevention in military populations: learningthe lessons of history, International AIDS Society Newsletter,4, March 1996, pp. 911.
3. UNAIDS, AIDS and the military: UNAIDS point of view,UNAIDS Best Practice Collection, May 1998 (http://www.unaids.org/html/pub/publications/irc-pub05/militarypv_en_pdf.pdf,9 January, 2005).
4. A.E. Pettifor, H.V. Rees, A. Steffenson, L. Hlongwa-Madikizela,C. MacPhail, K. Vermaak, and I. Kleinschmidt, HIV and SexualBehaviour Among Young South Africans: A national survey of 1524year olds (Reproductive Health Research Unit, University ofWitwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2004).
5. According to a South African AIDS Law Project press releaseof 23 October 2003, the SANDF has however excluded andcontinues to exclude job applicants with HIV from employmentin the SANDF (http://www.alp.org.za/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=229,16 April, 2005).
6. Yigeremu Abebe, Ab Schaap, Girmatchew Mamo, Asheber Negussie,Birke Darimo, Dawit Wolday, and Eduard J. Sanders, HIVprevalence in 72,000 urban and rural army recruits, Ethiopia,AIDS 17, 12 (2003), pp. 183540.
7. Taddesse Berhe, Hagos Gemechu, and Alex de Waal, Warand HIV prevalence: evidence from Tigray, Ethiopia, AfricanSecurity Review 14, 3 (2005), pp. 10714.
8. Olive Shisana, Leickness Simbayi, and E. Dorkenoo, SouthAfricas first national population-based HIV/AIDS behaviouralrisks, sero-status and media impact survey (SABSSM) researchproject (Third Quarterly Progress Report, Household Survey2002, Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, 2002).
9. UNAIDS, AIDS and the military, UNAIDS TechnicalUpdate, 1998 (http://www.worldbank.org/wbi/aidsleadership/dls_AIDS_military_may14.pdf,July 21, 2004); Military populations AIDS Briefs(http://www.heard.org.za/publications/AidsBriefs/sec/military.pdf,December 22, 2005).
10. Tsadkan Gebre Tensae, HIV/AIDS in the Ethiopian military:perceptions, strategies and impacts (unpublished paper,2002).
11. A. Adefalolu, HIV/AIDS as an occupational hazard to soldiers ECOMOG experience (Paper presented at the 3rdAll Africa Congress of Armed Forces and Police Medical Services,Pretoria, 1999), pp. 411.
12. M. Fleshman, AIDS prevention in the ranks UNtarget peacekeepers, combatants in war against the disease,African Recovery 15, 12 (2004), pp. 910.
13. The same was true in Thailand, where the army responded in advanceof the government.
14. HIV/AIDS and Uniformed Services: Analysing the Evidence.Expert Meeting, Cape Town, December 67, 2004 called byUNAIDS and attended by Alan Whiteside.
15. Edward Hooper, Slim (Bodley Head, London, 1990); Edward Hooper,The River: A journey to the source of HIV and AIDS (Penguin,London, 2000), pp. 429.
16. Robert Shell, The silent revolution: HIV/AIDS and militarybases in Sub-Saharan Africa in Consolidating Democracy,Seminar Report Series (Konrad Adenauer Foundation, East London,2000), pp. 2941.
17. Reinhard Kaiser, Paul Spiegel, Peter Salama, William Brady,Elizabeth Bell, Kyle Bond, and Marie Downer, HIV/AIDSseroprevalence and behavioral risk factor survey in Sierra Leone,April 2002 (Center for Disease Control and Prevention,Atlanta, GA, 2002).
18. C. Mulanga, S. Bazepeo, J. Mwamba, C. Butel, J.-W. Tshimpaka,M. Kashi, F. Lepira, M. Carael, M. Peeters, and E. Delaporte,Political and socio-economic instability: how does itaffect HIV? A case study in the Democratic Republic of Congo,AIDS 18, 5 (2004), pp. 8324.
19. Taddesse Berhe, Hagos Gemechu, and Alex de Waal, Warand HIV prevalence: evidence from Tigray, Ethiopia, AfricanSecurity Review 14, 3 (2005), pp. 10714.
20. Tim Allen, AIDS, security and democratic governance,The Hague, 24 May 2005. Presentation at expert seminar.
21. Paul Spiegel, HIV/AIDS among conflict-affected and displacedpopulations: dispelling myths and taking action, Disasters28, 4 (2004), pp. 32239.
22. African Rights, Rwanda: Broken bodies, torn spirits; livingwith genocide, rape and HIV/AIDS (African Rights, Kigali, 2004);V. Randell, Sexual violence and genocide against Tutsiwomen. Propaganda and sexual violence in the Rwandan genocide:an argument for intersectionality in international law,Columbia Human Rights Law Review 33, 3 (2002), pp. 73355.
23. Kaiser et al., HIV/AIDS seroprevalence.
24. P. Fourie and M. Schönteich, Africas newsecurity threat: HIV/AIDS and human security in southern Africa,African Security Review 10, 4 (2001), pp. 2944; M. Schönteich,AIDS and age: SAs crime time bomb, AIDSAnalysis Africa 10, 2 (1999), pp. 14.
25. Rachel Bray, Predicting the social consequences of orphanhoodin South Africa (Working Paper No. 29, Centre for SocialScience Research, University of Cape Town, 2003). 相似文献
410.