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191.
The 2015–17 Parliament was the first time in history that the Conservatives were in government with no easily assembled majority in the House of Lords. This has fundamentally altered the role that Labour is able to play in the Lords and, conversely, that peers are able to play in the Labour party. Yet the political significance of this situation has not yet been fully appreciated by a party which remains culturally antagonistic and constitutionally wary of the Lords. In this paper, we draw on interviews with Labour peers, particularly the late Baroness Hollis of Heigham, who have been able to use the essentially conservative powers of the Lords for social democratic ends. We suggest that the Labour party needs to incorporate the second chamber into both its practical and symbolic politics, and to find ways to use this new source of constitutional power without accommodating to it. 相似文献
192.
Karen R. Fisher Sandra Gendera Anne Graham Sally Robinson Kelley Johnson Kate Neale 《Australian Journal of Public Administration》2019,78(1):37-55
Very little is known about how relationships between people with disabilities and their paid support workers are positioned in policy. With the policy shift toward choice of provider, individualised approaches, person centredness and self‐directed funding, the nature of their relationship assumes a more prominent role in the quality of support practice. The policy analysis in this article explores the extent to which current disability policy acknowledges, promotes, or diminishes the relationships between people with disabilities and workers, in their organisational context. It uses Honneth's conditions for recognition—love (cared for), rights (respected) and solidarity or social esteem (valued)—to understand how policy positions mutuality in the relationship. The policy review applied a three‐stage process: categorisation of policies, textual analysis and content analysis to policy documents at four levels—international, Australian federal, state and organisational in two case studies. The analysis revealed that while a rights framework is explicit in most policies, the emphases on the conditions for recognition within a relationship between people with disabilities and workers are compromised in instructional policies that attempt to manage the tension between choice and risk, particularly at the organisational level. 相似文献
193.
Retrospective review of hanging suicides in individuals aged ≤ 17 years was undertaken at Forensic Science South Australia, Australia, over two 5-year periods: 1995-1999 and 2005-2009. Seven cases of hanging suicides were identified from 1995 to 1999, with a further 14 cases from 2005 to 2009, an increase of 100% (p < 0.001). Hanging accounted for 33.3% of all suicides in this age group (7/21) from 1995 to 1999, compared with 93.3% of the total number of suicides (14/15) in the second 5-year period. In contrast, Australian national data from 1998 and 2008 showed a 30% decrease in hanging suicides in the young, from one case/100,000 population in 1998 to 0.7 in 2008. Cluster suicides occur in the young and are often initiated by direct communication. As it is possible that Internet-based social sites may facilitate this phenomenon, investigations should include an evaluation of the victim's Internet access given the potential risk of similar actions by peers. 相似文献
194.
195.
This research examined the effects of several versions of capital penalty phase instructions on juror comprehension. Study
One documented the impact of California’s recently implemented “plain language” instruction. It showed that although the new
instruction has clear advantages over the previous version, significant comprehension problems remain. Study Two evaluated
several modified instructions designed to enhance comprehension. Participants heard either a standard patterned instruction
or one of two alternatives—a psycholinguistically improved instruction, or a “pinpoint” instruction using case-related facts
to illustrate key terms—in a simulated death penalty sentencing phase. Persons who heard modified instructions demonstrated
higher levels of comprehension on virtually every measure as compared to those in the standard instruction condition. 相似文献
196.
197.
198.
Robinson WL Paxton KC Jonen LP 《Journal of prevention & intervention in the community》2011,39(2):132-148
Youth violence continues to present a serious public health challenge in the United States, particularly so for African American adolescent males. The present study utilized a multilevel approach to predict aggression within a community sample of low-income, urban African American adolescent males (n?=?80). Participants' self-report data on normative beliefs about aggression, exposure to community violence, and depressive symptoms were used in multiple regression equations to predict (a) self-reported interpersonal aggression and (b) self-reported aggressive response style when angered. Results of this study indicate that all three of the independent variables contributed significantly to the prediction of interpersonal aggression and aggressive response style when angered. The findings are important for increasing our understanding of pathways to various types of youth aggression and guiding the development of evidence-based approaches to violence prevention among African American adolescent males. 相似文献
199.
As students transition into middle school they must successfully negotiate a new, larger peer context to attain or maintain
high social standing. The goal of this study was to examine the extent to which the maintenance, attainment, and loss of a
cool status over the course of the sixth grade is associated with student and classroom levels of physical, verbal, and relational
aggression. To address this goal, we studied a sample of 1985 (55% girls) ethnically diverse adolescents from 99 sixth grade
classrooms in the United States. Attaining a cool status at any point across the school year was associated with stronger
aggressive reputations. Additionally, classroom norms for aggressive behavior moderated the association between changes in
aggression over the school year and the stability of coolness such that students who maintained their coolness across the
school year showed greater increases in their verbally aggressive reputations from fall to spring when they were in classrooms
with higher levels of aggression. The findings illustrate the importance of fitting in with social norms for maintaining a
high social status among a new set of peers in middle school. 相似文献
200.
Estrada-Martínez LM Padilla MB Caldwell CH Schulz AJ 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2011,40(8):1039-1051
Existing research rarely considers important ethnic subgroup variations in violent behaviors among Latino youth. Thus, their
risk for severe violent behaviors is not well understood in light of the immense ethnic and generational diversity of the
Latino population in the United States. Grounded in social control theory and cultural analyses of familism, we examine differences in the risk for severe youth violence, as well its associations with family cohesion, parental engagement,
adolescent autonomy, household composition, and immigrant generation among Mexican (n = 1,594), Puerto Rican (n = 586), Cuban
(n = 488), and non-Latino Black (n = 4,053), and White (n = 9,921) adolescents with data from the National Longitudinal Study
of Adolescent Health. Results indicate a gradient of risk; White youth had the lowest risk for severe violence and Puerto
Rican youth had the highest risk compared to all other racial/ethnic subgroups. Within-group analysis indicates that family
factors are not universally protective or risk-inducing. While family cohesion decreased the risk of severe violence among
all groups, parental engagement was associated with increased risk among Blacks and Whites, and adolescent autonomy was associated
with increased risk among Puerto Ricans and Cubans. In addition, Cuban and White adolescents who lived in single parent households
or who did not live with their parents, had higher risk for severe violent behaviors than their counterparts who lived in
two parent households. Among Latinos, the association of immigrant generation was in opposite directions among Mexicans and
Cubans. We conclude that family and immigration factors differentially influence risk for violence among Latino subgroups
and highlight the significance of examining subgroup differences and developing intervention strategies that are tailored
to the needs of each ethnic subgroup. 相似文献