Going beyond the Roman dictator: a comprehensive approach to emergency rule,with evidence from Latin America

The aim of this article is to contribute to the debate on emergency rule, a practice that democratic theory has struggled to conceptualize. Accordingly, this article differs from existing approaches, which mainly focus on the constitutional design of regimes of exception and tend to identify the institution of the Roman dictator as their source. In contrast, we offer a comprehensive approach, considering other historical sources of emergency rule, going beyond the dichotomy of constitutional and de facto emergency, and focusing specifically on the types of emergency powers involved: executive, legislative and judicial. We propose a different way of conceptualizing emergency rule, following a political rather than a constitutional logic, and we illustrate this different conceptualization by offering evidence from Bolivia, Chile and Guatemala to demonstrate how this comprehensive approach works in practice.     

IMPASSE AT MCAS FUTENMA

In 1960, a Japanese prime minister was forced to resign after he committed Japan to an unpopular security relationship with the United States. In 2010, exactly fifty years later, the security relationship with the United States, centered on the stationing of a vast U.S. base complex in Japan, has unseated a prime minister who came to office just last year with an over 70 percent approval rating. In the small southern prefecture of Okinawa, where 75 percent of the U.S. military in Japan is stationed, the continued presence of the unpopular Futenma air base has become a lodestone for Okinawan frustration. High-level talks to remove Futenma from the crowded city of Ginowan have been ongoing since 1996, yet nothing has been accomplished. On 25 April 2010, an estimated 90,000 people rallied in Okinawa and demanded the base be removed from the prefecture completely, and not simply relocated to a location near the city of Nago. This essay attempts to explain Washington's central role in creating the problem and argues that Futenma is an unnecessary burden on the people of Okinawa and on cash-strapped Japanese and American taxpayers.     

Motivated to Adapt? The Role of Public Service Motivation as Employees Face Organizational Change

Researchers concerned with organizational change have consistently emphasized the role that the work environment plays in employee acceptance of change. Underexamined in the public management literature, however, is the role that employee values, particularly public service motivation (PSM), may play in employee acceptance of change. Some scholars have noted a positive correlation between employee PSM and organizational change efforts; this article extends this work by attempting to isolate the mechanisms that explain this relationship. Using data from a survey of employees in a city undergoing a reorganization and reduction in workforce, the authors find that only employees who scored high on a single dimension of PSM—self‐sacrifice—were more likely than others to support organizational change. Rather than support changes for their potential to improve public service, this finding suggests that employees with higher PSM may simply be less likely to resist changes that might disadvantage them personally.     

At Home with Virginia Woolf

Neither Prudes nor Radicals

Lucy Bland, Banishing the Beast Sexuality and the Early Feminists, New York: The New Press, 1995.

From the Sex War to the Cold War

Carl Rollyson, Rebecca West A Saga of the Century, London: Hodder &; Stoughton, 1995, £20.

Re‐Memorying Modernism

Carol Watts, Dorothy Richardson, Writers and Their Works, Northcote House, 1995, £6.99.

Helen Carr, Jean Rhys, Writers and their Works, Northcote House, 1996, £7.99.

Past Children, Past Selves

Carolyn Steedman, Strange Dislocations. Childhood and the Idea of Human Interiority 1780–1930, London: Virago Press, 1995.

A Bard for All Seasons

Kate Chedgzoy, Shakespeare's Queer Children: Sexual Politics and Contemporary Culture, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995, £12.99 (pbk.).

What Did You Do in the War, Mummy?

Pro Femina. A Review for Women's Writing and Culture, Belgrade: Radio B92.

The Threewomen of Mina Loy

Carolyn Burke, Becoming Modern: The Life of Mina Loy, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, $35.

Roger L. Conover (ed.), The Lost Lunar Baedeker. Poems of Mina Loy, New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, $22.

’As Vulnerable as the Flesh of Roses‘

Doris Lessing, Love, Again, London: HarperCollins/Flamingo, 1996.

Romantic Riches

Mary Shelley, The Novels and Selected Works, 8 vols., general ed. Nora Crook, with Pamela Clemit, consulting ed. Betty T. Bennett, London: Pickering and Chatto, 1996.

Vol. 1: Frankenstein, ed. Nora Crook, introd. Betty T. Bennett

Vol. 2: Matilda, Dramas, Reviews and Essays, Prefaces and Notes, ed. Pamela Clemit

Vol. 3: Valperga, ed. Nora Crook

Vol. 4: The Last Man, ed. Jane Blumberg with Nora Crook

Vol. 5: The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck, ed. Doucet Devin Fischer

Vol. 6: Lodore, ed. Fiona Stafford

Vol. 7: Falkner, ed. Pamela Clemit

Vol. 8: Travel Writing, ed. Jeanne Moskal     

Anglicizing the United States Constitution: James Bryce's Contribution to Australian Federalism

James Bryce's analysis of American federalism made it possiblefor the Australian founders to reproduce federal institutionson the American model without replicating the republican andempirical ideas that underpinned them in the United States Constitution.Bryce's account in The American Commonwealth (1888) appealedto Australia's founders because it was suited to their needs.Bryce was English, and, like a sensible nineteenth-century Englishman,he argued that U. S. institutions had little to do with intellectualproduct. Instead, they were largely English institutions adaptedto American purposes. Reading Bryce, Australia's founders assumedthat if federal institutions had little to do with abstracttheory, and had simply been adapted to American circumstances,they might also be adapted to Australian circumstances. Thus,Bryce's approach to American federalism allowed Australia'sfounders to substitute their own colonial tradition of parliamentarydemocracy under the Crown for the republican principles of rightsand the separation of powers that underlie the U.S. Constitution.     

“How Can We Stay Sober?” Homeless Women’s Experience in a Substance Abuse Treatment Center

This article presents findings from an exploratory, qualitative examination of an intensive outpatient treatment program for homeless women recovering from substance dependence disorders. Structured interviews of seven current program clients and three graduates of the program were conducted to ascertain how clients maintain their sobriety in addition to meeting the unique challenges of being homeless. Based on these interviews, there are four main concerns discussed: lack of communication between service providers, inconsistency in personnel during recovery, inconsistency in relapse policies, and clients feeling ill prepared to live in the “real world” after program completion.