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171.
Justin Hoyle Bryan Lee Miller John M. Stogner Chad Posick Brenda Sims Blackwell 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》2018,43(4):754-767
The current study focuses on predominant predictors associated with men’s and women’s engagement in driving under the influence (DUI) in an attempt to determine whether gender-specific interventions would be more affective at reducing impaired vehicle operation. A male-only subsample (n?=?863) and a female-only subsample (n?=?975) from a survey administered at a large Southeastern university containing self-reported measures of DUI were used to evaluate gender differences in motivations and correlates of DUI behavior. A series of logistic regressions containing indicators drawn from theories of deviant behavior (e.g., Akers’ social learning theory (SLT) and Gottfredson and Hirshi’s low self-control (LSC) theory) yield results indicating that differential association and imitation, both factors associated with SLT, are significant predictors for both gender cohorts’ DUI behavior. Low self- control was a significant predictor within female-only models, but not the final male-only models. This suggests that peer associations and modeling may be targets of intervention generally, but that, as it relates to DUIs, women may particularly benefit from programs focused at limiting impulsivity and risk-taking behavior as these are components of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s LSC construct. 相似文献
172.
Elizabeth Webster 《Justice Quarterly》2019,36(2):323-349
Prosecutors’ broad discretionary power has long been of interest to scholars, yet little is known about discretionary choices after conviction. This study addresses the gap by exploring prosecutors’ willingness to assist with exonerations. Using data from the National Registry of Exonerations (N = 1,610), the author identifies factors that influence prosecutorial assistance. Results from generalized ordered logistic regression models demonstrate that avoiding uncertainty and maintaining workgroup relationships drives decision-making. Findings indicate that prosecutors are less likely to support exonerations involving law enforcement or forensic misconduct, violent offenses, and inadequate legal defense and more likely to support exonerations involving innocence organizations, guilty pleas, and black and Hispanic defendants. These findings suggest that prosecutors’ interest in protecting professional reputations, maintaining relationships, and optimizing efficiency influences discretion in the postconviction stage just as in earlier stages of case processing. 相似文献
173.
Hilary F. Byrnes Meng-Jinn Chen Brenda A. Miller Eugene Maguin 《Journal of youth and adolescence》2007,36(5):649-659
Prior studies have examined the influence of neighborhood perceptions on youth outcomes, but few studies have examined whose
report of neighborhoods, parents’ or youths,’ are most important in predicting youth outcomes. This study addresses the relative
associations of youths’ and mothers’ neighborhood perceptions with youth alcohol use and delinquency. The sample includes
499 mother-child dyads (youth age: 10 to 16 [mean=13.3; SD=2]). Structural equation modeling showed that youths’ perceived neighborhood problems were significantly associated with
their delinquency but not their alcohol use. However, mothers’ perceived neighborhood problems were not related to either
youth alcohol use or delinquency, suggesting that youths’ perceptions are better indicators of youth behavior. Youth reports
may reflect their activities in the neighborhood and their exposure to different forms of deviance, so youths’ reports would
be better indicators of exposure to neighborhood risk. Challenges for prevention are discussed.
NIAAA Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate Research Scientist at
the School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley,
and the Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research
and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA. Her research interests include
psychosocial and environmental factors influencing youth
problem behaviors.
Interests are interventions for children with substance use or externalizing problems and their families.
She is currently conducting alcohol, drug and other risky behavior prevention studies that include a focus on young adults
in club settings as well as a variety of different family-based studies in different geographic regions (San Francisco Bay
Area, Alaska, Thailand).
Her work integrates both quantitative and qualitative research methods and centers on alcohol and other drug use, and related
health issues among adolescents and young adults. She is especially interested in applying theoretical models of socially
learned behaviors to populations with different cultural and social backgrounds 相似文献
174.
Coding statements of criminal suspects facilitated tests of four hypotheses about differences between behavioral cues to deception
and the incriminating potential (IP) of the topic. Information from criminal investigations corroborated the veracity of 337
brief utterances from 28 videotaped confessions. A four-point rating of topic IP measured the degree of potential threat per
utterance. Cues discriminating true vs. false comprised word/phrase repeats, speech disfluency spikes, nonverbal overdone,
and protracted headshaking. Non-lexical sounds discriminated true vs. false inthe reverse direction. Cues that distinguished
IP only comprised speech speed, gesticulation amount, nonverbal animation level, soft weak vocal and “I (or we) just” qualifier.
Adding “I don't know” to an answer discriminated both IP and true vs. false. The results supported hypothesis about differentiating
deception cues from incriminating potential cues in high-stakes interviews, and suggested that extensive research on distinctions
between stress-related cues and cues to deception would improve deception detection. 相似文献
175.
176.
Leukefeld CG Narevic E Hiller ML Staton M Logan TK Gillespie W Webster JM Garrity TF Purvis R 《International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology》2002,46(6):715-728
A number of prisoners use drugs. Limited information is available about the extent to which urban and urban substance abusers differ in their drug use in criminal justice settings. In addition, many believe that rural areas are protected from drug use. However, findings from this study show only marginally statistical significant differences in drug use between incarcerated rural and urban drug users. It was expected that urban drug users would be more drug career involved with consistently higher levels of drug use and associated problems. Specifically, rural drug users in this study were older at age of first use of marijuana and cocaine; report fewer years of cocaine, hallucinogen, and heroin use; and report more alcohol and sedative use. Findings from this study suggest that rural and urban drug users are similar and that rural areas may be protective from some drug use but risky for other drug use. 相似文献
177.
A developing tenet of feminism is the need to work collaboratively in order to avoid assumptions of universality and embrace
differences between women. In this paper, Cossman and Kapur reflect upon their attempts to put this principle into practice
in research on women's rights in India. They highlight ethical dilemmas raised by their project which forced them to problematize
and challenge many of their initial assumptions about doing feminist research, particularly those of identity politics which
give primacy to women's experiences as a claim to truth. The authors affirm the importance of identity and experience, but
at the same time acknowledge the limitations of this affirmation for the development of effective methodological and political
strategies.
Osgoode Hall Law School
What I feel is radical is trying to make coalitions with people who are different from you. I feel it is radical to be dealing
with race and sex and class and sexual identity all at one time. I think that is really radical because it has never been
done before. 相似文献
178.
G. Webster 《Forensic science international》1982,20(1):45-52
Bite marks have been reported in flesh, foodstuffs and inanimate objects. Those in foodstuffs occur widely in cases of larceny but also occur in serious crimes such as murder.Evaluation of distinctive characteristics in food bites differs from the corresponding assessment of flesh bite marks in that the assessment is made on the impression made by the labial aspect of the teeth and not on the biting edge, because the teeth penetrate the bitten foods to different depths.The terminology used to describe food bite marks is very varied and a classification of food bites has been formulated in an effort to bring a degree of uniformity to the analysis of such marks. 相似文献
179.
180.
Power-control theory predicts gender differences in delinquency based on the level of patriarchy in the family. Tests yield mixed results, generally supporting some elements of the theory. However, because previous research does not test the theory at the family level, research does not capture within-family, as well as between-family, differences. This study, using the National Youth Survey, yields support for the use of family-level data, over individual-level data, in testing power-control theory. 相似文献