The gender base of institutional support in Lithuania,Ukraine and Russia

This literature review pertains to women's status in Soviet society. This study examined the degree to which attitudes toward established institutions, support for the reform process, and generalized political orientations significantly reflect gender differences. Regression models were tested among Russians, Ukrainians, and Orthodox believers in Russia. Gender differences were apparent in the evaluations of the Communist Party. Ukrainian women were more supportive of the Communist Party. Age was the only significant factor in Russia; increased age was associated with more positive attitudes toward the Communists. More Ukrainian and Russian women than Orthodox women believed that political reform is moving too rapidly. Less educated and higher income women were more likely to believe that reform is proceeding too rapidly. Russian men were more likely to have participated in a political rally than Russian women in the model which includes socioeconomic controls. Russians with higher education were more frequent participants in political demonstrations than Russians with less education. Ukrainian women were more likely than men to be pacifists. Over 20% of the variance in pacifism scores was explained by sex and sociodemographic factors. The author concluded that gender differences are apparent in the strength of pacifism, the frequency of participation in demonstrations, attitudes toward reform, and evaluations of the Communist Party. Russian women compared to US women did not necessarily support liberal, democratic reforms. Lithuanian women and urban women were less supportive of the status quo and established economic and political institutions compared to Russian, Ukrainian, or rural women. Women and men responded similarly at the same educational levels. Women had a more humanitarian view of the environment and peace. A four-stage stratified sample of 2336 individuals (796 in Russia, 826 in the Ukraine, and 714 in Lithuania) was used. The survey instrument was designed by a team from the University of Iowa working with Soviet scholars.     

Reviews

Anders Aslund & Richard Layard, eds, Changing the Economic System. London, Pinter Publishers: 1993, xviii + 237pp., £35.00.

János Mátyás Kova?s & Marton Tardos, eds, Reform and Transformation in Eastern Europe: Soviet‐type Economics on the Threshold of Change. London: Routledge, 1992, xix + 345 pp.

Peter J. Boettke, Why Perestroika Failed: The Politics and Economics of Socialist Transition. London: Routledge, 1993, viii + 199 pp., £35.00

John Flemming & J. M. C. Rollo, eds, Trade, Payments and Adjustment in Central and Eastern Europe. London: Royal Institute of International Affairs and EBRD, 1992, vii + 242 pp., £11.95 p/b.

Zoltan J. Acs & David B. Audretsch, eds, Small Firms and Entrepreneurship. An East‐West Perspective. Cambridge: CUP, 1993, 240 pp., £30.00, $49.95.

Alex Pravda, ed., The End of the Outer Empire: Soviet‐East European Relations in Transition, 1985–90. London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1992, x + 238 pp., £35.00 h/b

Leonid Gozman & Alexander Etkind, The Psychology of Post‐Totalitarianism in Russia Trans. Roger Clarke. London: Centre for Research into Communist Economies, 1992, 121 pp., p/b £6.50.

F. J. M. Feldbrugge, ed., The Emancipation of Soviet Law. Dordrecht, Boston, London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1992, xvii + 272 pp., £76.00. $146.00

John Massey Stewart, ed. The Soviet Environment: Problems, Policies and Politics. Cambridge: CUP, 1992, xv + 246 pp., £40.00, $64.95.

I. Kon & J. Riordan, eds, Sex and Russian Society. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1993, viii + 168 pp., £35.00 h/b, £12.95 p/b.

Kenneth C. Farmer, The Soviet Administrative Elite. New York: Praeger, 1992, xii + 296 pp., £39.95.

Robert Service, ed. Society and Politics in the Russian Revolution. New York: St Martin's Press, Basingstoke and London: Macmillan, 1992. Published in association with the School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University of London, in their series Studies in Russia and East Europe. 199 pp., + index. £40.00 h/b, £14.99 p/b.     

Chengdu Impression

Most of my high school experience wasspent studying Chinese on my own and working toward my ultimate goal of mastering a language and through this learn more about my own and others as well. First, it is important to understand a background of my senior year in high school when I went abroad to China.I arrived in Chengdu, capital city     

传承鞍山历史 展示地域文化——走进鞍山市博物馆

鞍山市博物馆是地方综合性历史博物馆，成立于1983年，现有馆藏文物和考古资料1万余件，以明清宫廷家具、瓷器、漆器为特色。2010年7月29日，鞍山市博物馆喜迁新址，新址占地约10000平方米，建筑面积7400平方米，设鞍山地方史、冶铁、玉文化、馆藏精品及多功能厅五个展厅。2010年9月20日，鞍山市博物馆免费向社会开放。     

中国法律职业改革小史

在帝国时代的两千年里，并不存在任何被国家认可的正式法律职业，“全能型衙门”承担了包括司法在内的多数社会治理职能，唯一见诸史料的法律专业人员是被称为“刀笔吏”的幕僚和为百姓写讼词的讼师，但这些群体从未形成高度组织化并具备复杂专业技能的职业，反而因挑词架讼而常被人们讥为“讼棍”。     

案例指导制度与司法统一——新时期需要制度化的案例指导和案例解释法律发挥作用

在现代国家里，法律统一、正确的适用，象征着国家、政治、社会的统一，意味着公平、正义的实现，是宪法法律面前人人平等原则的体现，也是社会和谐的基本条件。