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831.
Bruce Budowle Ph.D. Maureen C. Bottrell M.S. Stephen G. Bunch Ph.D. Robert Fram M.A. Diana Harrison B.S. Stephen Meagher Cary T. Oien M.S. Peter E. Peterson Ph.D. Danielle P. Seiger M.F.S. Michael B. Smith B.A. Melissa A. Smrz M.S. Greg L. Soltis M.S. Robert B. Stacey M.A. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2009,54(4):798-809
Abstract: The forensic sciences are under review more so than ever before. Such review is necessary and healthy and should be a continuous process. It identifies areas for improvement in quality practices and services. The issues surrounding error, i.e., measurement error, human error, contextual bias, and confirmatory bias, and interpretation are discussed. Infrastructure is already in place to support reliability. However, more definition and clarity of terms and interpretation would facilitate communication and understanding. Material improvement across the disciplines should be sought through national programs in education and training, focused on science, the scientific method, statistics, and ethics. To provide direction for advancing the forensic sciences a list of recommendations ranging from further documentation to new research and validation to education and to accreditation is provided for consideration. The list is a starting point for discussion that could foster further thought and input in developing an overarching strategic plan for enhancing the forensic sciences. 相似文献
832.
Jason B. Whiting Leigh Ann Simmons Jennifer R. Havens Douglas B. Smith Megan Oka 《Journal of family violence》2009,24(8):639-648
Although research has demonstrated connections between experiencing abuse as a child and being in a violent relationship as
an adult, the specific mechanisms through which this transmission occurs are unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify
the relationship between certain personal factors (self-appraisals and mental/substance use disorders) and experiencing violence
as an adult. Data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) 1990–1992 were utilized. Respondents who reported experiencing
childhood abuse or victimization and were in a current intimate partnership (N = 590) were selected for analysis. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that low self-esteem, past year PTSD, and past
year alcohol dependence were significantly associated with intimate partner violence after controlling for other self-appraisals
and mental disorders. 相似文献
833.
Louise Dixon Kevin Browne Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis 《Journal of family violence》2009,24(2):111-122
This study investigates the continuation and discontinuation of the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment within
the first 13 months of the child’s life. Differences in risk factors and parenting styles between families who initiate (Initiators), maintain (Maintainers) or break (Cycle Breakers) the intergenerational cycle of child maltreatment are explored in comparison to control families (Controls). One hundred and three Health Visitors were trained to assess risk factors and parenting styles of 4,351 families, at both
4–6 weeks and 3–5 months after birth. Maintainers, Initiators and Cycle Breakers had a significantly higher prevalence for
the majority of risk factors and poor parenting styles than Controls. Protective factors of financial solvency and social
support distinguished Cycle Breakers from Maintainers and Initiators. Therefore, it is the presence of protective factors
that distinguish Cycle Breakers from families who were referred to Child Protection professionals in the first year after
birth. A conceptual, hierarchical model that considers history of abuse, risk and protective factors, in turn, is proposed
to assess families for the potential of child maltreatment. 相似文献
834.
In the current research, we draw on Canadian national data to examine the police reporting decisions of married and cohabiting
intimate partner violence victims. Our analyses examine how police notification decisions are influenced by the demographic
characteristics of victims and incident-specific factors. We find that the victims who contact the police more often live
in a cohabiting relationship and with children. In contrast to predictions, we find that visible minority women more often
call the police. Income, education, and employment status do not appear to shape the police reporting decisions of women.
Finally, women who call the police are also likely to have experienced severe forms of violence including threats with weapons,
injury, and the destruction of their property. 相似文献
835.
The purpose of this paper is to respond to gaps in our knowledge about patterns of female gang participation and its causes and consequences. Data from the Rochester Youth Development Study, a panel study that overrepresents adolescents at high risk for delinquency, are used to compare gang participation and delinquent involvement of female and male adolescents. We then examine the role of theoretical variables associated with both female and male gang membership. The results lead us to conclude that, for females as well as males, involvement in gangs is associated with substantially increased levels of delinquency and substance use. There is also some similarity in the factors associated with gang membership for both sexes, although lack of school success emerges as a factor of particular salience for female adolescents. The results suggest that theory and intervention need to address the phenomenon of female gang membership as an important component of urban youth problems.Authors' names are listed in alphabetical order. 相似文献
836.
Robert Nash Parker William R. Smith D. Randall Smith Jackson Toby 《Journal of Quantitative Criminology》1991,7(1):3-17
Trends in the rate of victimizations of juveniles in three settings-schools, homes, and streets/parks-are examined monthly during the period 1974–1981. The relationship between in-school victimization rates and those occurring outside of school are analyzed with multivariate ARMA models informed by previous research on school victimization (Gottfredson and Gottfredson, 1985) and an importation perspective on the source of crime and victimization in institutions such as schools. Results indicate that the overall in-school victimization rate remained relatively stable during this period but that victimization rates of juveniles in other settings had significant effects on in-school victimizations. This suggests that underlying causes of victimization in general are important determinants of victimization in schools. These results are limited, however, as we examine these sources of victimization only indirectly via relationships among the different victimization rates in dynamic models and by the aggregate nature of the monthly data from the National Crime Survey. 相似文献
837.
Analyses and policy statements about publicly funded services frequently distinguish 'demands' from 'needs'. The distinction has been challenged, calling into question the coherence of formulating welfare policy and evaluating public services in terms of needs. This paper explicates the conceptual distinction between demands and needs in terms of derived demand and information asymmetry. 'Needs' can be defined as 'rational demands', where 'rational' means 'consistent and evidence–based', and 'demands' as 'desires' rather than 'effective (i.e. economic) demand'. On that basis, practical demand management in needs–based public services would require:
1. Knowledge of users' demands for services;
2. Content analyses of users' demands to identify any misinformed demands;
3. Conversion of any misinformed demands into evidence–based specifications of needs;
4. Formulating coherent, evidence–based demands on behalf of users who cannot to do so themselves.
A study of English NHS Primary Care Groups explores the problems which authorities responsible for publicly funded services face in undertaking these activities. Demand management receives low priority in terms of the incentives and intellectual resources applied to it. Needs assessment has higher priority but is regarded as a branch of evidence–based professional practice, controlled by professionals rather than responsive to users. This separation tends to defeat the purposes of needs–based public services. 相似文献
1. Knowledge of users' demands for services;
2. Content analyses of users' demands to identify any misinformed demands;
3. Conversion of any misinformed demands into evidence–based specifications of needs;
4. Formulating coherent, evidence–based demands on behalf of users who cannot to do so themselves.
A study of English NHS Primary Care Groups explores the problems which authorities responsible for publicly funded services face in undertaking these activities. Demand management receives low priority in terms of the incentives and intellectual resources applied to it. Needs assessment has higher priority but is regarded as a branch of evidence–based professional practice, controlled by professionals rather than responsive to users. This separation tends to defeat the purposes of needs–based public services. 相似文献
838.
This study examined the influence(s) of the type of physical discipline administered and the type of child misbehavior on
college student’s evaluations of parent–child disciplinary situations. Participants evaluated vignettes describing a child’s
behavioral transgression and the subsequent parental disciplinary response. Evaluations were assessed in terms of the abusiveness,
effectiveness, and appropriateness of the discipline. As predicted, evaluations varied as a function of both the type of physical
discipline and the type of behavioral transgression. For example, parent–child interactions were evaluated as being more abusive
when the severity of the discipline exceeded the severity of the transgression. Gender differences emerged with women evaluating
mild discipline as being just as appropriate as moderate discipline while men evaluated mild discipline as being less appropriate
than moderate discipline. Further, men evaluated moderate and severe discipline as being more effective than mild discipline.
Results are discussed in terms of how the current research extends previous work in this area. Implications and areas for
future research also are discussed. 相似文献
839.
The multi-disciplinary field of forensic science frequently finds its academic home within criminal justice programs. After
examining the reasons for this academic linkage, an analysis of criminal justice curricular models and courses was undertaken
to assess their applicability to forensic science education and careers. The authors concluded that the relationship between
criminal justice and forensic science can be mutually beneficial; however, most criminal justice programs do not provide adequate
preparation for meaningful careers in forensic science. 相似文献
840.
G J Sarwer-Foner S Smith J Bradford 《The Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law》1985,13(2):165-172
We have presented a model for developing forensic psychiatric treatment and teaching services of a medical school Department of Psychiatry, but where these services are the basic comprehensive health care delivery system for the entire community. These offer consultative and treatment services for adult and family court clinic, psychiatric forensic services, of forensic psychiatry open bed and medium security-type bed, as well as day hospital and outpatient services. All of these are sited in the normal health care delivery system of the university teaching hospitals and its patient treatment, teaching, and research facilities. Consultative services are offered on request to the criminal justice system, but the basic health care delivery system is controlled administratively by the ordinary university teaching hospital authorities and exists as a one of a kind unit at the Royal Ottawa Hospital. The Royal Ottawa Hospital is a private nonprofit hospital, with its own Board of Trustees, and is affiliated with the medical school, as part of a major university network. We believe it important to present this model for an overall forensic psychiatric service, in contradistinction to the more commonly established forensic psychiatric facilities in state mental hospitals, in a special facility for the criminally insane, or in a criminal justice system institution such as a penitentiary. We believe that our model for forensic psychiatric facilities has great advantages for the patient. Here the patient is treated in a specialized facility (as all psychiatric patients with specialized problems should be); but one which is a specialized forensic facility, within the range of specialized psychiatric facilities that are needed by an urban community.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献