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The two principal smoking-related state legislative activities stand in sharp contrast to one another. Cigarette excise taxation diffused among the states well before the connection between smoking and illness became a public issue, yet more recent tax increases appear to reflect a response to the national anti-smoking campaign. The growing disparity in cigarette prices between tobacco and other states has created a lucrative market in bootlegged cigarettes and has thereby brought new taxation to a virtual standstill for six years. Laws restricting smoking in public places represent a phenomenon of the 1970's clearly bearing the imprint of the anti-smoking campaign. From 1972 through 1978, the number of states with such laws in effect grew from 5 to 36, and the restrictiveness of the laws also increased. The dramatic correlation between diffusion of the laws and decreases in cigarette consumption rates seems best interpreted as each of these reflecting changes in social attitudes toward smoking. 相似文献
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Stephen E. Brown 《American Journal of Criminal Justice》1981,6(2):7-15
Previous research has focused on certaintyznty of punishment as one. factor. upon which any dzterrent effect of punishment
might be contingent and Auggested that it must reach a critical tipping level before the deterrent effect becomes evident.
Using data on index crimes and clearance. rates for. Virginia cities and counties, bupport was found for both the. deterrent
effect and the exlstenee of a tipping level. Attention was directed towand a more precise specification of the form of the
tipping effect, suggesting that there is a single critical tipping level and that it occurs at a relatively low level of certainty
of punihment. 相似文献
998.
In a variety of settings, procedures that permit predecision input by those affected by the decision in question have been found to have positive effects on fairness judgments, independent of the favorability of the decision. Two major models of the psychology of procedural justice make contrary predictions about whether repeated negative outcomes attenuate such input effects. If such attenuation occurs, it would lessen the applicability of procedural justice findings to some real-world settings, such as organizations, where procedures often provide repeated negative outcomes. The present laboratory investigation examined the procedural and distributive fairness justments produced by high- and low-input performance evaluation procedures under conditions of repeated negative outcomes. Thirty-five three-person groups of male undergraduates participated in a three-round competition. Groups either were or were not allowed to specify the relative weights to be given to two criteria used in evaluating their performance. All groups received negative outcomes on each of the three rounds. A second experimental factor varied whether or not the group learned after losing the second round that it could not possibly win the third and final round of the competition. Measures of procedural and distributive fairness showed that the high-input procedure led to judgments of greater procedural and distributive fairness across all three rounds. The input-based enhancement of fairness occurred regardless of whether reward was possible. The implications of these findings for theories of procedural justice and for applications of procedural justice to organizational settings are discussed. 相似文献
999.
Ralph Segman David A. Tansik Richard B. Block Paul Brockman David S. Bushnell Richard L. Chapman M. Del Delabarre Thomas M. Jacobius F. Timothy Janis Kenneth A. Kovaly Clifford E. Lanham George F. Linsteadt William Marcuse Sally A. Rood David A. Tansik Francis W. Wolek Paul R. Wylie 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》1990,15(4):4-4
Editorial Advisory Board 相似文献
1000.
E. M. McLEAY 《Public administration》1984,62(2):147-160
The investment and mortgage policies and practices of the British building societies affect individuals, neighbourhoods and the economy. Their activities have been subject to serious criticisms. Building societies, however, are scarcely accountable to their members, despite their position as'mutual' organizations; nor are they politically accountable to the electors through the government. The British building societies present a public interest problem. This article questions whether and how they ought to be made accountable for their actions in order to ensure that they further the public interest. 相似文献