Analytical Thresholds and Sensitivity: Establishing RFU Thresholds for Forensic DNA Analysis,

Determining appropriate analytical thresholds (ATs) for forensic DNA analysis is critical to maximize allele detection. In this study, six methods to determine ATs for forensic DNA purposes were examined and compared. Four of the methods rely on analysis of the baseline noise of a number of negatives, while two utilize the relationship between relative fluorescence unit signal and DNA input in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) derived from a dilution series ranging from 1 to 0.06 ng. Results showed that when a substantial mass of DNA (i.e., >1 ng) was amplified, the baseline noise increased, suggesting the application of an AT derived from negatives should only be applied to samples with low levels of DNA. Further, the number and intensity of these noise peaks increased with increasing injection times, indicating that to maximize the ability to detect alleles, ATs should be validated for each post‐PCR procedure employed.     

Organizing for Resistance: How Group Structure Impacts the Character of Violence

How does the way in which a group organizes change the lethality of the group's attacks? In this article, we argue that groups organized vertically as hierarchies are likely to conduct more lethal attacks. We build our argument around three advantages inherent to centralized structures: functional differentiation, clear command and control structures, and accountability. We argue that each of these characteristics positively impacts an organization's ability to deliver an effective lethal blow. To test our argument, we use a mixed method approach, drawing on empirical evidence and support from a time-series case study. Our large-N analysis examines the trends in more than 19,000 attacks. In this test we develop a novel proxy measure for hierarchy based on a group's bases of operation and non-violent activities. To complement the empirical work, we examine the history of Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), the Basque separatist group. Over several decades of violent operations, this group's structure has changed dramatically. We analyze how these shifts impacted ETA's ability to maximize the effectiveness and damage of their attacks. In both the case study and large-N analysis, the more hierarchically organized the group, the more easily the group can orchestrate lethal attacks.     

Racial Discrimination and Alcohol Problems: Examining Interactions with Genetic Risk and Impulsivity among African American Young Adults

Journal of Youth and Adolescence - Experiences of racial discrimination have been shown to increase risk for alcohol problems. Some individuals may be particularly vulnerable to the negative...     

Fault,Gender Politics and Family Law Reform

Recent public debates about family law reform have revealed both support for and criticism of legislative policies that seek to shape social norms. Amidst this debate was a suggestion from some quarters that the Whitlam Government's removal of fault‐based divorce is responsible for the gendered tensions that characterise modern reform debates. This article draws on archival records and interviews conducted with family law professionals who worked in the system in the 1970s and experienced the transition to the no‐fault system, to explore the principles underlying the introduction of the Family Law Act of 1975 and to identify the sources of continuing dissension about its impact.     

La vie après une mission de verification de I'optimisation des ressources:le point de vue des gestionnaires

Sommaire: L'opinion des vérificateurs généraux sur la gestion des affaires publiques est bien connue. En fait, grâce aux rapports qu'ils publient régulièrement à la suite des missions de vérification de l'optimisation des ressources (vor), ils peuvent révéler au grand jour les lacunes qu'ils ont relevées dans la gestion des différentes organisations qu'ils visitent. Par contre, du côté des gestionnaires, on ne peut pas dire qu'ils se bousculent aux portes pour exprimer leur opinion sur le travail des vérificateurs généraux. La recherche que nous avons effecbée permet de lever le voile sur la face cachée de la vor, sur le point de vue des gestionnaires qui ont eu à vivre une telle expérience. En quoi le quotidien des gestionnaires publics est‐il touché par la visite des vérificateurs dans le cadre de missions de vor ? Comment les gestionnaires perçoivent‐ils le rôle des vérificateurs ? Que pensent‐ils de la performance des vérificateurs et qu'est‐ce qui les irrite lorsqu'ils interagissent avec eux ? Quels changements note‐t‐on dans les pratiques de management après une mission de vor ? Qu'en est‐il des relations de ces gestionnaires avec leurs supérieurs ou leurs subordonnés ? Et, du point de vue des gestionnaires, quel a été l'impact de la vor sur la gestion de l'organisation vérifiée ? Abstract: The view of the auditors general on the management of public affairs is well known. In fact, through the reports they issue at regular intervals as the outcome of value for money (vfm) audits, they can bring to light the shortcomings found in the management of the various organizations they inspected. On the other hand, i't cannot be said that managers have been rushing to express their opinion on the work of the auditors general. Our research reveals the hidden face of the vfm audits by presenting the views of managers who had to go through the process. How does the vfm auditors visit affect the government officials' daily routine? How is the auditors' role perceived by managers? What do they think of the auditors' performance, and what do they find irritating when they interact with them? What changes in management practice are noted after a vfm audit? How about the relations of these managers with their superiors or subordinates? According to the managers, what was the impact of vfm audits on the management of the organization audited?