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Contemporary social policy toward low-income women in the United States, as evidenced both by Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) and by the AFDC programme that preceded it, is in part an artefact of long-standing conceptions of the nature of citizenship. This view sees citizenship as resting primarily on civil and political rights, not on rights with respect to economic, social, and cultural matters. Drawing on scholarly literature on the development of international human rights regimes, the feminist literature that analyses social policy both comparatively and in terms of US domestic policy, and literature regarding contemporary movements among low-income persons, this paper analyses the efforts of one organization, the Kensington Welfare Rights Union (KWRU), to challenge US policy via international human rights law and international enforcement mechanisms. We will suggest that, despite some of the flaws of the KWRU, their approach is a promising one for low-income women. In particular, we wish to suggest that a broader conception of citizenship that takes into account economic, cultural, and social rights is necessary to create a more equitable and democratic polity for women. 相似文献
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Silvina J. Vilas-Ghiso Diana M. Liverman 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2007,7(2):137-169
More than a decade after NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) entered into force, the environmental effects of agricultural
trade liberalization in Mexico are still controversial, emerging, and not fully understood. This paper contributes to the
literature that aims to explore trends in input use in the agricultural sector in Mexico during the post-NAFTA period among
both commercial/industrial and traditional/rainfed farmers, and examines the influence of the national and multilateral institutional
framework on these outcomes. We decompose the post-NAFTA agricultural production data into scale, technique and composition
effects to estimate the impact that trade liberalization has had on the use of fertilizer and land use, two key agricultural
inputs for which reliable aggregate data is available. We conclude that among commercial farmers patterns of crop type specialization
and significant technological improvements have led to some declines in fertilizer use but they have been offset by growth
in fertilizer use associated with growing agricultural output. Among traditional farmers increased output and specialization
in land-intensive grain crops are contributing to an increase in land under cultivation and technological improvements show
the potential, but not yet not the strength, to counteract these effects. We analyse the environmental institutional framework
and rural development plans, observing that institutional weaknesses have, in several instances, reduced the environmental
benefit of technique and composition effects. We conclude with recommendations about how the Mexican agricultural sector might
reap the environmental benefits of international agricultural trade. 相似文献
5.
In this paper we examine the legal aspects of corporate computer usage policies including their creation, management, and their relevance to corporate computer forensic investigations. Misuse of corporate computing facilities cannot only lead to a reduction in employee productivity and network bandwidth, but can also increase the risk of infection of such facilities by computer viruses and other malicious code. Moreover, it may lead to the risk of liability and legal action. 相似文献
6.
Diana C. Mutz 《Political Behavior》1992,14(2):89-122
Many phenomena of interest to political scientists involve what may be termed impersonal influence; that is, influence that derives from individuals' perceptions of others' attitudes, beliefs, or experiences. Others in this case refers not to the close friends and acquaintances that concerned the authors of classics such asThe People's Choice andPersonal Influence, but rather to the anonymous others outside an individual's realm of personal contacts. Modern mass media facilitate the influence of anonymous others by devoting considerable time and attention to portraying trends in mass opinion. This study explores the rationale for theories of impersonal influence, synthesizing existing research findings falling under this general theoretical framework, and investigating its psychological underpinnings using experiments embedded in representative surveys. 相似文献
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Taylor AK 《Public policy》1979,27(2):203-225
This study examines the rapid growth of hospital wage rates and employment levels over the past decade, with particular attention to the period 1971-73, when wage and price controls were in effect throughout the economy. The analysis shows that the hospital regulations under the Economic Stabilization Program reduced real hospital wages below what they would have been in the absence of controls; a similar but smaller effect of the controls on hospital employment levels is also shown. This suggests that if the current HEW proposal for hospital cost containment is enacted, its impact would be a significant decrease in the rate of growth of hospital wages and employment. 相似文献
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This article utilises three different perspectives to evaluate the uses of performance indicators in Australian higher education: federalism, neoclassical economics and X-efficiency theory. The introduction of performance indicators by the Commonwealth government is associated with providing the most efficient path for the allocation and distribution of scarce resources in higher education (neoclassical economics), increasing its control over the universities (federalism theory), and applying pressure to them and in turn their academic members to increase their effort levels (X-efficiency theory). X-efficiency theory is proposed as a possible model to support and inform efforts to better understand and improve the operation of performance indicators. 相似文献