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Latin American environmentalism: Comparative views 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Catherine Christen Selene Herculano Kathryn Hochstetler Renae Prell Marie Price J. Timmons Roberts 《Studies in Comparative International Development (SCID)》1998,33(2):58-87
This article examines three common generalizations from the literature on Latin American environmentalism. The validity of
these generalizations, structured as hypotheses, is tested with four case studies from Costa Rica, Mexico, Venezuela, and
Brazil. The first generalization is that tensions arise between international environmentalists principally concerned with
wildlands conservation and national environmentalists engaged in a broader array of local and domestic issues including urban
environmental quality and access to natural resources. The second is that environmental groups in Latin America are elitist
in structure and participant base. The third is that the particular tactics employed by environmentalists will be closely
tied to the relative openness of their nation’s political system. Through a cross-disciplinary case study approach we find
the first two hypotheses quickly break down upon closer inspection, while the third is supported. We suggest a modified framework
for interpreting environmental activism in the region, one that weights the role of the state as well as the competing strategies
employed by grassroots, private voluntary, and professionalized environmental groups. Latin American environmentalism is highly
diverse, presenting many faces in different time periods and different countries. Developing one general theory of environmentalism
in Latin America is impossible, but more specific categorizations of the middle range may be achievable. 相似文献
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Distribution of Enantiomers of Methadone and Its Main Metabolite EDDP in Human Tissues and Blood of Postmortem Cases
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Karen Marie Dollerup Holm M.S.E. Kristian Linnet M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2015,60(1):95-101
Knowledge concerning the distribution of methadone in postmortem human tissue and the effect of postmortem redistribution on methadone is today limited making the choice of a suitable substitute for femoral blood difficult when this is not available. Cardiac blood, femoral blood, muscle, and brain tissue concentrations of the enantiomers of methadone and its metabolite 2‐ethyl‐1,5‐dimethyl‐3,3‐diphenylpyrrolinium were recorded for 155 postmortem cases. Brain and muscle tissue concentrations exceeded the femoral blood concentrations with a median fold of 2.3 and 1.6, respectively, but both had a better correlation than cardiac blood to femoral blood concentrations. The Kruskal–Wallis test showed a significant dependency on time and body mass index for some of the matrix ratios over femoral blood. We conclude brain or muscle tissue may constitute a better alternative for measurement of methadone than cardiac blood for situations in which femoral blood is not available, despite concentrations in both matrices being systematically higher. 相似文献
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Abigail Tazzyman Marie Bryce Jane Ferguson Kieran Walshe Alan Boyd Tristan Price John Tredinnick‐Rowe 《Regulation & Governance》2019,13(4):593-608
In 2012, medical regulation in the United Kingdom was fundamentally changed by the introduction of revalidation – a process by which all licensed doctors are required to regularly demonstrate that they are up to date and fit to practice in their chosen field and are able to provide a good level of care. This paper examines the implications of revalidation on the structure, governance, and performance management of the medical profession, as well as how it has changed the relationships between the regulator, employer organizations, and the profession. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with clinical and non‐clinical staff from a range of healthcare organizations. Our research suggests that organizations have become intermediaries in the relationship between the General Medical Council and doctors, enacting regulatory processes on its behalf and extending regulatory surveillance and oversight at local level. Doctors’ autonomy has been reduced as they have become more accountable to and reliant on the organizations that employ them. 相似文献
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Jerry G. Thursby Richard Jensen Marie C. Thursby 《The Journal of Technology Transfer》2001,26(1-2):59-72
This paper describes results of our survey of licensing at 62 research universities. We consider ownership, income splits, stage of development, marketing, license policies and characteristics, goals of licensing and the role of the inventor in licensing. Based on these results we analyze the relationship between licensing outcomes and both the objectives of the TTO and the characteristics of the technologies. Patent applications grow one-to-one with disclosures, while sponsored research grows similarly with licenses executed. Royalties are typically larger the higher the quality of the faculty and the higher the fraction of licenses that are executed at latter stages of development. Sponsored research is more likely to be included in a license if the new technology is at an early stage of development or if the TTO evaluates it as important. We find that additional disclosures generate smaller percentage increases in licenses, and those increases in licenses generate smaller percentage increases in royalties. 相似文献