排序方式: 共有33条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
During the first stage of the New Partnership for AfricasDevelopment (NEPAD) peer review process, the country under reviewcompiles a report on the state of economic, political, social,and corporate governance in the country. This article examinesRwandas evaluation of its political governance duringthis first stage, as reflected in the January 2005 version ofthis countrys self-assessment report. After sketchingthe compromised political environment in which the report waswritten, it is indicated how this rosy report inadequately addressesa number of serious political problems in Rwanda, such as Rwandasinvolvement in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the inadequateseparation of powers in the Rwandan political system, tensionsin Rwandan society, and the flawed presidential and parliamentaryelections of 2003. While it remains to be seen to what extentRwanda either acknowledges its political problems in the finalversion of its self-assessment report, or is censured in thesubsequent stages of the peer review process, it is concludedthat the greater the failure to do either, the greater the doubtthat will linger over the value of the African peer-review exercise.
1. NEPAD Secretariat, Memorandum of understanding on theAfrican Peer Review Mechanism (http://www.nepad.org,17 July, 2005).
2. P. Chabal, The quest for good government and developmentin Africa: is NEPAD the answer? International Affairs78, 3 (2002), pp. 44762; I. Taylor, NEPAD: Towards Africasdevelopment or another false start? (Lynne Rienner, Boulder,CO, 2005).
3. See Taylor, NEPAD, pp. 1544.
4. On this problem, see ibid, pp. 6174.
5. M. Katzenellenbogen and W. Hartley, No political peerreview, says Mbeki, Business Day, 31 October, 2002.
6. T. Mbeki, Critics ill-informed about NEPAD peer review,ANC Official Home Page (http://www.anc.org.za/ancdocs/anctoday/2002/at45.htm,27 July, 2005).
7. Ibid.
8. Rwanda NEPAD Secretariat, Rwanda Country Self-Assessment Reportfor the African Peer Review Mechanism (Rwanda NEPAD Secretariat,Kigali, 2005). The 230-page report consists of an introduction,followed by four chapters, each addressing one of the thematicareas set out in the questionnaire.
9. On Kigalis official line, see J. Pottier,Re-imagining Rwanda: Conflict, survival and disinformation inthe late twentieth century (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,2002).
10. During the second stage of the peer review process, the countryvisit by the Country Review Team, this teams priorityorder of business will be to carry out the widest possible rangeof consultations with the Government, officials, political parties,parliamentarians and representatives of civil society organizationsincluding the media, academia, trade unions, business and professionalbodies: NEPAD Secretariat, Guidelines for countriesto prepare for and to participate in the African Peer ReviewMechanism (APRM), NEPAD Official Home Page (http://www.nepad.org/2005/files/aprm/aprmguidelinesforcountryreview200104final.pdf,27 July, 2005). Never mind that representatives of civilsociety organizations in Rwanda tend to be not all thatindependent from the government, the NEPAD documents make nomention of possible consultations with embassy staff, the UNand its agencies, international financial instutions, internationalchurch groups and international NGOs groups that wouldbe able to broaden the perspectives of the Country Review Team.
11. NEPAD Secretariat, Declaration on democracy, political,economic, and corporate governance, NEPAD Official HomePage (http://www.nepad.org/2005/files/documents/2.pdf, 15 July,2005).
12. NEPAD Secretariat, The African Peer Review Mechanism(APRM) base document, NEPAD Official Home Page (http://www.nepad.org/2005/files/documents/49.pdf,22 July, 2005).
13. NEPAD Secretariat, Guidelines.
14. NEPAD Secretariat, Country self-assessment for the AfricanPeer Review Mechanism, NEPAD Official Home Page (http://www.nepad.org/2005/files/documents/156.pdf,24 January, 2005).
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. NEPAD Secretariat, APRM base document.
18. According to Rwanda NEPAD Secretariat, APRM NationalCommission, Rwanda NEPAD Magazine 1 (2004), pp. 1416.
19. Ibid, p. 14.
20. NEPAD Secretariat, Final Report: African Peer Review Mechanismcountry support mission to Rwanda, 21June 24, 2004 (NEPADSecratariat, Midrand, 2004), p. 4.
21. Ibid.
22. On the extent of presidential and senatorial appointments, seeGovernment of Rwanda, The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda(Official Gazette of the Republic of Rwanda, Kigali, 2003),Articles 88 and 113.
23. In May 2003, Pro-Femmes sided with the government and attackedHuman Rights Watch for being divisive: UnitedStates Department of State, Rwanda: country report onhuman rights practices 2003, US Department of State OfficialHome Page (http://www.state.gov//g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2003/27744.htm,27 January, 2005).
24. They were Aimable Kabanda (African Peer Review Focal Point,Rwanda NEPAD Secretariat), Alex Semarintoya (Ministry of LocalGovernment), Solange Tuyisenge (Member of the National Assembly)and James Ngango (Ministry of Foreign Affairs).
25. US Department of State, Country Report 2003; UnitedStates Department of State, Rwanda: country report onhuman rights practices 2004, US Department of State OfficialHome Page (http://www.state.gov//g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41621.htm,23 July, 2005).
26. Amnesty International, Rwanda: human rights organizationforced to close down, Amnesty International OfficialHome Page (http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGAFR470012005,22 January, 2005); Human Rights Watch, Rwanda: preparingfor elections: tightening control in the name of unity,Human Right Watch Official Home Page (http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/africa/rwanda0503.bck.htm,9 February, 2005).
27. NEPAD Secretariat, Declaration, op. cit.
28. NEPAD Secretariat, Communiqué: The African PeerReview (APRM) support mission to Rwanda, Southern AfricanRegional Poverty Network Official Home Page (http://www.sarpn.org.za/documents/d0000845/P958-Rwanda_APRM.pdf,31 July, 2005).
29. Nepad Secretariat, Country self-assessment.
30. Rwanda NEPAD Secretariat, Self-assessment report,p. 26.
31. See Human Rights Watch, Rwanda: observing the rules ofwar? Human Rights Watch Official Home Page (http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/rwanda2,15 February, 2005).
32. See Amnesty International, Democratic Republic of Congo:killing human decency, Amnesty International OfficialHome Page (http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGAFR620072000,9 February, 2005); Amnesty International, DemocraticRepublic of Congo: Rwandese-controlled east: devastating humantoll, Amnesty International Official Home Page (http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGAFR620112001,19 July, 2005); Human Rights Watch, Observing the rulesof war?
33. Amnesty International, Democratic Republic of the Congo:"Our brothers who help kill us" economic exploitationand human rights abuses in the east, Amnesty InternationalOfficial Home Page (http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGAFR620102003,19 July, 2005).
34. T. Longman, The complex reasons for Rwandas engagementin Congo, in J.F. Clark (ed.), The African Stakes ofthe Congo War (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2002), p. 136.
35. Government of Rwanda, Reply to the final report (documentS/2002/1146) of the Panel of Experts on the illegal exploitationof natural resources and other forms of wealth of the DemocraticRepublic of Congo (http://www.afrol.com/Countries/Rwanda/documents/reply_un_resources_2002.htm,15 June, 2005).
36. Amnesty International, Our brothers who help kill us.
37. United Nations, Final report of the panel of expertson the illegal exploitation of natural resources and other formsof wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, UnitedNations in Denmark Official Home Page (http://www.un.dk/doc/S20021146.pdf,10 February, 2005). See also Amnesty International, Ourbrother who help kill us.
38. Rwanda NEPAD Secretariat, Self-assessment report,pp. 345.
39. Amnesty International, Democratic Republic of Congo:Arming the east, Amnesty International Official HomePage (http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGAFR620062005,14 July, 2005).
40. Rwanda NEPAD Secretariat, Self-assessment report,p. 25.
41. Amnesty International, Arming the East.
42. NEPAD Secretariat, Country self-assessment.
43. Rwanda NEPAD Secretariat, Self-assessment report,p. 36.
44. NEPAD Secretariat, Country self-assessment.
45. US Department of State, Country report 2003; USDepartment of State, Country report 2004.
46. F. Reyntjens, Rwanda, ten years on: from genocide todictatorship, African Affairs 103, 411 (2004), p. 187.
47. Pottier, Re-imagining Rwanda, p. 9.
48. US Department of State, Country report 2003.
49. NEPAD Secretariat, Country self-assessment.
50. Rwanda NEPAD Secretariat, Self-assessment report,p. 31.
51. National Electoral Commission, Executive summaries ofNational Electoral Commission reports on the constitutionalreferendum, presidential and parliamentary elections,National Electoral Commission of Rwanda Offical Home Page (http://www.comelena.gov.rw/english/resumeelection2003.html,18 July, 2005).
52. Rwanda NEPAD Secretariat, Self-assessment report,p. 31.
53. US Department of State, Country report 2003.
54. European Union Electoral Observer Mission, Final report2003, EU Official Home Page (http://europa.eu.int/comm/external_relations/human_rights/eu_election_ass_observ/rwanda/moe_ue_final_2003.pdf,25 July, 2005).
55. During the presidential elections (August 2003), the incumbent,Paul Kagame, won 95 percent of the vote, while his party, theRwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), won 74 percent of the vote inthe parliamentary elections (September 2003).
57. Amnesty International, Rwanda: government slams dooron political life and civil society, Amnesty InternationalOfficial Home Page (http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGAFR470122004,22 January, 2005); US Department of State, Country report2003.
56. The US Department of State referred to the 2003 presidentialelections as seriously marred: US Department ofState, Country report 2003.
58. Amnesty International, Government slams door;Amnesty International, Rwanda: run-up to presidentialelections marred by threats and harassment, Amnesty InternationalOfficial Home Page (http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGAFR470102003,22 January, 2005); I. Samset and O. Dalby, Rwanda: presidentialand parliamentary elections 2003, Norwegian Centre forHuman Rights Official Home Page (http://www.humanrights.uio.no/forskning/publ/nr/2003/12.pdf,28 February, 2005).
59. Human Rights Watch, Rwanda: resolve disappearances, assassination,Human Right Watch Official Home Page (http://hrw.org/english/docs/2001/05/04/rwanda133.htm,9 February, 2005).
60. Amnesty International, Rwanda: deeper into the abyss waging war on civil society Amnesty InternationalOfficial Home Page (http://web.amnesty.org/library/print/ENGAFR470132004,22 January 2005); Human Rights Watch, Preparing for elections.
61. Human Rights Watch, Preparing for elections.
62. US Department of State, Country report 2003.
63. Human Rights Watch, Preparing for elections.
64. Samset and Dalby, Presidential and parliamentary elections.
65. EU Electoral Observer Mission, Final report 2003.
66. Samset and Dalby, Presidential and parliamentary elections.
67. US Department of State, Country report 2003.
68. EU Electoral Observer Mission, Final report.
69. NEPAD Secretariat, Country self-assessment.
70. Rwanda NEPAD Secretariat, Self-assessment report,pp. 345.
71. US Department of State, Country report 2004.
72. NEPAD Secretariat, Country self-assessment, emphasisadded.
73. Amnesty International, Devastating human toll(http://web.amnesty.org, 19 July, 2005).
74. As had happened during the previous year, as during 2004 Rwandasjudiciary was subject to presidential influence:US Department of State, Country report 2004.
75. N. van de Walle, African Economies and the Politics of PermanentCrisis, 19791999 (Cambridge University Press, 2001),p. 51.
76. On this tension, see Chabal, Good government and developmentin Africa; Taylor, NEPAD.
77. NEPAD Secretariat, Communiqué issued at the endof the third summit of the Committee of Participating Headsof State and Government in the African Peer Review Mechanism(APR Forum), 19 June, 2005, Abuja, Nigeria, Institutefor Security Studies Official Home Page (http://www.iss.co.za/AF/RegOrg/nepad/aprm/comsum3jun05.pdf,28 July, 2005). 相似文献
32.
33.