俄罗斯工会改革的历史与现实：基于社会统合主义的分析

俄罗斯工会在苏联解体之后经历了由计划经济到市场经济的转变,最终形成了社会统合主义的 模式。本研究在梳理俄罗斯工会改革历史的基础上,根据统合主义理论分析了俄罗斯工会在与政府的关系、对 工人利益的代表性和自身行动能力 3 个方面的现实情况。研究认为,俄罗斯工会在改革初期复杂、动荡的政治 经济背景下所追求的自由主义模式受历史因素影响并不成功。改革的转机出现在统一俄罗斯党成立之后,俄罗 斯工会与政府关系迅速改善,并在执政党的同情和支持下提升了自身对工人利益的代表性和行动能力,特别是 运用法律武器的能力。但俄罗斯工会也面临着新就业形式和移民劳工增长的挑战,还需要进一步的改革以适应 劳动力市场的复杂变化。     

Delegating Differences: Bilateral Investment Treaties and Bargaining Over Dispute Resolution Provisions

Bilateral investment treaties (BITs) have become the dominant source of rules on foreign direct investment (FDI), yet these treaties vary significantly in at least one important respect: whether they allow investment disputes to be settled through the International Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Through the compilation and careful coding of the text of nearly 1,500 treaties, we identify systematic variation in "legal delegation" to ICSID across BITs and explain this important variation by drawing upon a bargaining framework. Home governments prefer and typically obtain ICSID clauses in their BITs, particularly when internal forces push strongly for such provisions and when they have significantly greater bargaining power than the other signatory. Yet some home governments are less likely to insist upon ICSID clauses if they have historical or military ties with the other government. On the other hand, although host governments are often hostile toward ICSID clauses, particularly when sovereignty costs are high, they are more likely to consent to such clauses when they are heavily constrained by their dependence on the global economy. Our findings have significant implications for those interested in FDI, legalization, international institutions, and interstate bargaining.     

"Ripple Effects" in Youth Peacebuilding and Exchange Programs: Measuring Impacts Beyond Direct Participants

A number of organizations have a mission of encouraging peace throughout the world by enhancing young people's knowledge and understanding of other countries and cultures. One strategy used to further this mission is international or intercultural exchange programs. Most evaluations of exchange programs gather data only from the direct participants who traveled to another country. But these programs have the potential to have impacts that expand beyond the direct participants—or "ripple effects." Thus, a more appropriate methodology to evaluate exchange programs is "360-degree feedback," which gathers data from multiple sources. This study uses 360-degree feedback to evaluate a youth peacebuilding and exchange program by gathering data not only from the exchange students but also from chaperones, host families, and students and teachers in the host school. ANOVA analyses finds that the program had positive impacts on the exchange students and, in many cases, even greater ripple effects on indirect participants.     

Agents of Destruction? Applying Principal-Agent Analysis to State-Sponsored Terrorism

This article evaluates state-sponsored terrorism as a principal-agent issue. More often applied to the study of licit national or international institutions as a way to improve their governance, we argue that applying principal-agent analysis to illicit relationships such as those between states and terrorist agents is an equally fruitful application, though one with different objectives. Rather than being used as a tool to improve governance, applying principal-agent analysis to illicit relationships such as state-sponsored terrorism may point to areas of susceptibility and thus inform more effective counterterrorism strategies. In this article, we explain why states delegate to terrorist groups, how they seek to control their agents, and the tensions in the relationship, both generally and through specific reference to Iran's sponsorship of Hizballah, Syria of various Palestinian groups, and the Taliban of al-Qa'ida. This analysis yields propositions about the conditions under which states are likely to delegate to terrorist groups and specific recommendations on how principal-agent problems of these illicit relationships may be used in practice to combat terrorism.     

鹅IL-18基因的克隆和原核表达及其多克隆抗体的制备

参考GenBank中鸡、火鸡和鸭IL-18基因序列,设计了1对特异引物,以提取的鹅脾细胞总RNA为模板,应用RT-PCR扩增、克隆鹅IL-18基因中间的333bp序列。序列分析结果表明,其与鸭IL-18基因对应序列相似性最高,达99%。参考鸭IL-18全基因序列设计上、下游引物各3条,以梯度PCR探索扩增、克隆鹅IL-18全基因。以上述策略成功扩增、克隆了3个广东地方杂交品种鹅的IL-18基因。序列分析表明,这3个杂交品种鹅的IL-18基因序列一致,长642bp,含一个603bp的ORF,编码200个氨基酸,分子质量为23.2ku。ORFN端的30个氨基酸为前导序列,其余170个氨基酸为功能蛋白序列。在GenBank中注册了第一条鹅的IL-18基因序列,登录号为EF159728。随后,构建了鹅IL-18基因ORF的重组原核表达质粒pET-GIL-18,经诱导表达、纯化获得重组鹅IL-18融合蛋白,并以其制备了兔抗重组鹅IL-18多克隆抗体。     

一种新禽病——禽卡氏杆菌病的研究进展

概述了禽卡氏杆菌的病原特征,阐述了该病原在分离培养、流行病学、诊断方法、防控措施以及流行现状等方面的研究进展,包括组织学、免疫学、分子生物学等方面所取得的进展,旨在为研究该病提供理论参考.     

五种重要猪病病毒基因芯片探针的建立及其应用

将猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、猪细小病毒(PPV)、猪伪狂犬病痛毒(PRV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)的特异cDNA片段作为探针点制于氨基修饰的玻片上,以这5种细胞毒的核酸作为模板,进行不对称PCR扩增,制备靶物,经绿色荧光染料Cy3标记后,分别与cDNA微阵列的芯片探针进行杂交,杂交信号经Genepix 4000A扫描仪扫描.结果显示,该芯片探针可以特异地与Cy3标记的这5种靶物结合.用该基因芯片对100份现地采集的猪全血样品进行检测,检出PRRSV阳性样品26份,PCV-2阳性样品47份,PRRSV和PCV-2混合感染阳性样品17份,PPV阳性样品5份,PRV阳性样品2份,CSFV阳性样品20份.表明,本试验研制的cDNA芯片探针可以特异地检测这5种猪病病毒,具有良好的诊断应用前景.     

旋毛虫丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制因子基因的克隆与原核表达

根据GenBank中旋毛虫丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制因子(Tsserpin)基因序列设计1对引物,从旋毛虫肌幼虫提取总RNA,应用RT-PCR扩增获得目的基因片段,进行限制性酶切后连接到表达质粒载体pET30a,构建重组表达质粒pET30a-Tsserpin,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,筛选阳性克隆,经PCR、限制性酶切分析及测序鉴定后,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),以IPTG进行了诱导表达。SDS-PAGE分析表达产物,表达产物纯化后用Western-blotting鉴定Tsserpin重组蛋白的抗原性。PCR与酶切鉴定结果显示,构建的重组表达质粒pET30a-Tsserpin与预期结果一致。测序结果表明,插入片段为1122bp,编码373个氨基酸,与GenBank中旋毛虫Tsserpin基因的相似性为99%。含有pET30a-Tsserpin重组表达质粒的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)诱导后得到了高效表达,SDS-PAGE分析结果显示,表达产物的分子质量约为48.5ku,而且主要以包涵体形式存在。Western-blot分析结果表明Tsserpin重组蛋白可以被旋毛虫感染猪阳性血清特异性识别,提示其具有良好的抗原性,可以作为猪旋毛虫病免疫诊断的候选抗原。     

黑龙江尚志地区莱姆病伯氏疏螺旋体的鉴定与遗传进化分析

自我国黑龙江省尚志市野外采集的蜱体内分离出1株莱姆病伯氏疏螺旋体,并对其进行了形态观察及分子生物学分析。利用BSK H分离培养法,经暗视野显微镜和姬姆萨染色观察,菌体呈螺旋状。根据已报道的伯氏疏螺旋体16S rRNA基因序列设计引物,结合参考文献设计的外膜蛋白A(OspA)基因引物经PCR扩增并测序,与GenBank中的各种伯氏疏螺旋体基因型建立系统发生树并进行同源性分析。结果表明,16S rRNA基因核苷酸序列与GenBank中的伽氏疏螺旋体(Borrelia garinii)DK27(X85193)具有较高的同源性,可达99.5%;OspA基因核苷酸序列与报道的Borrelia gariniiKhab(AY502600)有较高的同源性,为93.6%。根据序列分析结果,认为该分离株属于Borrelia garinii基因型,命名为SZ,该菌株16SrRNA基因和OspA基因核酸序列已提交到GenBank(登录号分别为HM007279和HM007278)。     

奶牛流产衣原体OmpA抗原间接ELISA检测方法的建立

以奶牛流产衣原体外膜蛋白A(OmpA)作为抗原,筛选最佳反应条件,建立了奶牛衣原体病间接ELISA检测方法。结果显示,OmpA的最佳包被浓度为1∶320;血清最佳稀释度为1∶40;酶标二抗的最佳工作浓度为1∶2000;抗原的最适包被条件为37℃1h加4℃过夜;ELISA的阴性、阳性临界值为0.391。用本方法和衣原体间接血凝试验检测奶牛血清田间样品206份,两者的符合率为95.3%。本试验建立的OmpA-ELISA方法具有良好的特异性、敏感性和稳定性,可为牛衣原体病的诊断及流行病学调查提供有效工具。