The Enactment of Bayh–Dole

The Bayh–Dole Act of 1980 reversed 35 years of public policy and gave universities and small businesses the unfettered right to own inventions that resulted from federally funded research. The Act was opposed by the Carter administration, which had a different view of how to utilize the results of federally funded research to drive economic development. It is not widely appreciated that the bill had died in the regular sessions of the 96th Congress and was only passed into law in a lame duck session necessitated to pass the budget. Only a magnanimous gesture of respect for Senator Birch Bayh, who had been defeated in the 1980 election, on the part of Senator Russell Long allowed the bill to receive the unanimous consent needed to pass a bill in lame duck session. This article lays out the roles of the key congressional staffers who forged this historic compromise and the last minute maneuvers needed to obtain President Carters signature.     

Corporate autonomy and institutional control: The crown corporation as a problem in organization design

Abstract: A central issue in the government-crown corporation decision-making relationship is the balance between corporate autonomy and institutional control. This study investigates the effects of organization designs on the balancing of autonomy and control in practice, taking account of the incentives and strategic behaviour of the relevant actors. Politicians, for example, seek to maximize their own political support, crown corporation executives their own autonomy, and bureaucratic officials within central agencies their own policy influence. Three positive approximations of normative models of organization design models are investigated in Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. Each design establishes different “rules of the game” and offers different advantages. Alberta practice most closely approximates a “self-contained” design in which corporate actors have the information advantage and are most closely able to achieve their own objective. In Manitoba, where practice most closely approximated a “vertical information systems” design, central bureaucratic monitoring agents had the information advantage and were most closely able to achieve their own objective. Saskatchewan practice most closely approximates a “lateral relations” design. Neither corporate nor bureaucratic actors have an enduring information advantage or are more able than the other to achieve their own objective. The relative “efficiency” of these crown corporation organization designs is not known. But they do yield qualitatively different balancing outcomes. Determinations can be made, quite simply, in terms of who is “winning” the crown corporation “game.” Sommaire: L'un des aspects fondamentaux à considérer dans les rapports décisionnels entre les sociétés de la Couronne et le gouvernement est l'équilibre qui existe entre l'autonomie des sociétés et le contrble institutionnel. Plutôt que de spéculer sur le caractère optimal des divers modes organisationnels qui peuvent théoriquement servir à structurer de tels rapports, cette étude considkre leurs effets sur l'equilibre autonomie-contrble, d'un point de vue pratique, en tenant compte des comportements stratégiques et des incitations des différents intervenants. Ainsi, les politiciens cherchent à maximiser l'appui politique dont ils jouissent; les dirigeants des sociétés de la Couronne, eux, cherchent à défendre leur autonomie; de leur côte, les fonctionnaires des organismes cen-traux souhaitent protéger leur influence sur les politiques. Les auteurs se penchent sur trois modèles normatifs de concepts organisationnels en Alberta, au Manitoba et en Saskatchewan. Chaque modèle établit des «règles du jew» différentes et offre des avantages particuliers, en termes de ressources stratégiques d'in-formation pour les trois groupes d'intervenants. La répartition des avantages en matière d'information régit les comportements d'optimisation des intervenants, les amenant à différents résultats en termes d'équilibre entre I'autonomie des sociétés et le contrôle institutionnel. La pratique en Alberta s'apparente plus à un modêle d'autonomie où les intervenants des sociétés de la Couronne ont I'avantage sur le plan de l'information, ce qui leur permet de mieux parvenir à leurs propres objectifs. L'autonomie des sociétés I'emporte alors sur le contrôle des institutions. Au Manitoba, où la pratique se rapproche d'un modèle d'information médicale, les agents de surveillance des organismes centraux ont I'avantage et sont donc en mesure de mieux parvenir à leurs propres objectifs. Le contrôle des institutions I'emporte alors sur l'autonomie des sociétés de la Couronne. En Saskatchewan, le modèle s'approche de celui des «relations latérdes». Ni les intervenants des sociétés, ni les bureaucrates n'ont un avantage durable sur le plan de I'information de sorte que ni les uns ni les autres ne sont donc en mesure de mieux atteindre leurs propres objectifs. I1 en résulte éventuellement un équilibre entre l'autonomie des sociétés de la Couronne et le contrôle des institutions. L'on ignore I'eficacité relative de ces différents modèles organisationnels, mais I'on sait qu'ils ont pour résultat un équilibre différent. L'on peut donc, fort simplement, déterminer qui «gagne» au «jeu» des sociétés de la Couronne.     

Humanitarianism from the Suburbs: Australian Refugee Relief and Activism during the 1971 Bangladeshi Liberation War

The Bangladesh Liberation War against West Pakistan in 1971 triggered an exodus of ten million refugees, the deaths of approximately 1.5 million people and widespread destruction of villages, crops and infrastructure. Preoccupied with the Cold War and domestic politics, powerful nations such as the US and UK did not intervene directly and reluctantly provided aid. The Australian government, for its part, was particularly slow to offer aid, trailing efforts of New Zealand and most Western European governments. While the McMahon administration remained indifferent, Australians from diverse backgrounds engaged with this conflict by raising public awareness, fundraising and lobbying the Australian government to increase its aid contribution to Bangladeshis displaced by war. At a time when Australian government policies focused on the war in Indo‐China, Cold War politics and development in south‐east Asia and the south Pacific, I consider the ways Australian individuals offered aid to Asian, non‐Christian refugees, some of whom held Maoist views. Using archival materials, historical newspapers and census data, this article argues that, paradoxically, it was individuals with little political capital who spearheaded Australian efforts to aid Bangladeshi refugees. In short, the Bangladesh Liberation War provoked a groundswell of suburban activism that acted independently of government policies.     

Elements of Negativity: Volume and Proportion in Exposure to Negative Advertising

Recent studies contend that negative advertising benefits voters. However, these studies only measure the volume of negativity in campaigns, often relying on survey data on voter behavior coupled with estimates of negative ad exposure. Theories of information processing indicate that the proportion of negativity may yield influences spanning a range of judgments related to candidate construction and voting behavior, yielding effects that are different from the influence of sheer volume. Thus, I argue that the proportion of negativity also has an influence, and that it is likely more often to be detrimental. I examine this claim using survey data and conclude that prevailing accounts of the effects of negative advertising campaigns are underspecified and, as a result, potentially overly optimistic. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A ‘class of no political weight’? Interracial Marriage,Mixed Race Children and Land Rights in Southern New Zealand, 1840s-1880s

ABSTRACT

Interracial marriage was a defining feature of interaction between local Ngāi Tahu and newcomers in southern New Zealand from the early nineteenth century. Scholarship has explored the importance of such relationships to development of New Zealand’s early resource-based economies and to colonial assimilation policies. However, the experiences of cross-cultural households and families in colonial New Zealand are less well documented.

Using a body of writing produced by fathers and their mixed-race children in response to land claims investigations in the mid-nineteenth century, this article explores the political, economic and social world of interracial families in southern New Zealand. The correspondence over land rights reveals the ongoing importance of kinship ties through generations as colonial expansion impinged on these communities. Through petitioning and letter writing, fathers and children contested what marriage and family meant and strategically asserted their individual and collective identity in the face of increasing land dispossession and economic hardship.     

Managing financial resources in the states: the role of computerized information systems

One of the principal and most visible functions of public managers is the allocation of public funds across multiple, many times competing services and constituencies. This vital process must be as efficient and effective as managerial skills and the application of technology permits. Yet, as the effects of technology escalate, little is known about the application of computerized information systems (CIS) to important strategic and operational, financial management decision-making. This study examines the use of information technology in financial decision-making in state governments. The findings suggest that computerized information systems play central but diverse functions in various financial decisions, but that public managers will continue to play a key role in ensuring that CIS use enhances decision-making capabilities.