Territorial functioning and victimisation: conceptualisation and scale development

The purpose of this study was to develop and validate territorial functioning measures and to examine the link between territorial functioning and victimisation in a high-crime context. To this end, four sequential stages of scale development were undertaken: conceptual model development, item generation and content validation, exploratory study and confirmatory study. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the three dimensions of territorial functioning, namely, neighbourhood attitudes, sense of control and marking behaviour, as dimensions of the second-order territorial functioning construct. The results of the structural model support findings reported in the literature that associate high territorial functioning with low victimisation. The theoretical and practical implications of the study and directions for future research are discussed in the concluding sections of this study.     

All Boys Club or Gender Differences? Male Officers Perception of Female Officers’ Workplace Experiences in Federal Law Enforcement

Since the passage of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, there has been a vast body of literature demonstrating women’s difficulties integrating into all levels of law enforcement. While scholarship continues to highlight women’s experiences in the workplace, very little research has incorporated male officers into the dialogue. Using survey data collected from 324 male and female federal law enforcement officers employed by a mid-sized federal law enforcement agency, this study examines gender differences on perceptions to women’s workplace occupational barriers. We find that there are gender differences between the experiences encountered by female officers and the perception of male officers to those experiences, most notably sexual discrimination and a perceived glass ceiling to promotions. The differing perceptions are shaped by gender stereotypes and mild remnants of a masculine culture that continue to exist throughout law enforcement.     

Gender Mainstreaming Unraveled: The Case of DDRR in Liberia

In the past women have been excluded from peace initiatives. However, with the advent of UNSCR 1325 (2000) women's agency in the process has been heightened through a new framework for involvement. UNSCR 1325 is a policy document that acknowledges the link between women, peace, and security and uses gender mainstreaming as a mechanism to implement its objectives. Yet in spite of its policy advancements, over a decade later women still do not participate equally in peace and security initiatives that impact on the sustainability of peace. This article aims to explore the context of this framework through considerations of the gender mainstreaming provision in the disarmament, demobilization, rehabilitation, and reintegration (DDRR) process in Liberia. Using interviews with women associated with fighting forces (WAFFs)/ex-combatants the article argues that although there was a specific targeted focus showing some gender responsive design and coordination, WAFFs’/ex-combatants’ unique needs, especially those of a social and psychological nature, were poorly addressed. In addition, the commentary shows that the focus did not attend to structural inequality issues such as sexual and gender based violence (SGBV).     

The measurement and influence of child sexual abuse supportive beliefs

Abstract

The identification of offence-related cognition is a major target of most cognitive–behavioural treatment programmes for sexual offenders, and a number of measures are available for this purpose. This study assessed the psychometric properties of a brief measure of beliefs that support and justify child sexual abuse: the Sex With Children (SWCH) scale. Factor analysis revealed two distinct types of belief: that sex with children is harmless, and that children actively provoke adults into having sex with them. The SWCH was also found to have good internal consistency, test–retest reliability and concurrent validity. Child molesters scored significantly more highly on the SWCH than did rapists or non-offenders, and high-risk child molesters reported more entrenched offence-supportive beliefs than lower risk child molesters. A relationship was also observed between general offence-supportive beliefs as measured by SWCH and offence-specific cognitions ascribing responsibility or enjoyment to the offender's victim. The SWCH subscales appeared to closely match two of the implicit theories hypothesized by Ward and Keenan (1999 Ward, T. and Keenan, T. 1999. Child molesters’ implicit theories. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14: 821–838. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) to be related to child molestation. Sex offender treatment providers need to be aware of the relationship between underlying implicit theories and offence-specific distorted cognitions about the victim's experience.     

European health regulations and Brazil nuts: Implications for biodiversity conservation and sustainable rural livelihoods in the Amazon

Abstract

The Brazil nut industry comports with the principal objectives of European policy on development co‐operation (poverty reduction linked with environmental protection) and forest conservation (maintaining forest cover). However, European Regulation 1525–98 EC, which decreases acceptable levels of aflatoxins in Brazil nuts to 4 parts per billion, may cause a crash in the Brazil nut trade. Thus, European policies on food quality, development co‐operation and forest conservation are likely to operate a cross‐purposes. Brazil nut producer countries have questioned the legal basis of the Regulation in terms of scientific justification for the stricter limits on aflatoxin content and lack of conformity with international standards set by Codex Alimentarius. The EC has countered by invoking the precautionary principle. This article documents the debate in the context of the World Trade Organisation's Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement and discusses the implications for the relationship between agendas of trade, environment and sustainable development.     

Introduction: economic security,globalization and governance

Abstract

This introductory article examines different approaches to conceptualizing economic security by drawing on the broader social science literature beyond realism/neorealism. Arguing that traditional conceptions of economic security that see economics as a source, or instrument of state power are insufficient, it draws on a growing literature that looks directly at the economic roots of conflicts, particularly those arising from the manner in which capitalist production is organized in distinct settings. While the paper identifies a range of ways in which scholars, policy practitioners and communities think about economic security depending on the particular circumstances different states and societies find themselves in, the paper, nonetheless, argues for a notion of economic security that also emphasizes issues of justice/fairness and distributive equity. Under conditions of globalization, it is important for us to think of the needs of those made insecure by prevailing systems of market governance but in ways that do not undermine the integrity of the market nor sanction protection for chronically uncompetitive firms. Drawing on insights from International Political Economy and Economic Sociology, the paper suggests one useful way of conceptualizing economic security under conditions of globalization: that of ensuring a low probability of damage to (a) the income and consumption streams that are deemed appropriate for individual well-being; (b) the income-generating potential of an economy; and (c) some minimal level of distributive equity. To this end, appropriately designed national, regional and global institutions can function as mechanisms of governance in the interests of economic security. The rest of the papers in this Special Issue provide empirical case studies drawn from East Asia on many of the points raised in this introduction.     

Transnational Private Governance as a Developmental Driver in Southeast Asia: The Case of Sustainable Palm Oil Standards in Indonesia and Malaysia

This paper explores why and how voluntary private sustainability governance initiated by corporations and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) extends its regulatory purview to incorporate developmental strategies aimed at upgrading smallholder practices. Using the case of palm oil in Indonesia and Malaysia and by extending insights from club theory, global production networks, and developmental states, the paper identifies the conditions under which private regulatory standards catalyse private developmental interventions that are nevertheless analogous to the industrial policies, financial incentives, and institutions of the classic developmental states. It was when the credibility of private sustainability standards was challenged by the low-yielding and environmentally-unsustainable cultivation practices of smallholder growers of palm oil that private governors and globally-oriented palm oil corporations who depend on smallholder suppliers worked with NGOs to support smallholder agricultural upgrading, in turn enhancing productivity, sustainable cultivation practices, and livelihoods. Such private developmental interventions involve supply chain mapping, knowledge service partnerships, and brokered overarching meta-partnerships that may be regarded as functional analogues of classic developmental state practices and institutions, namely performance monitoring, technological support, and coordination of multiple actors to form wider innovation networks.     

Book reviews

Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. By David Held, Anthony McGrew, David Goldblatt and Jonathan Perraton. Cambridge: Polity, 1999. Pp.xxiii + 515. £59.50 and £16.99. ISBN 0 7456 1498 1 and 1499 X

Housing and Finance in Developing Countries. Edited by Kavita Datta and Gareth A. Jones. London and New York: Routledge, 1999. Pp.xxiii + 270. £50. ISBN 0 415 17242 X

Comprehending and Mastering African Conflicts: The Search for Sustainable Peace and Good Governance. Edited by Adebayo Adedeji. London and New York: Zed Books, in association with African Centre for Development and Strategic Studies (Ijebu‐Ode, Nigeria), 1999. Pp.xxii + 384. £50 and £16.95. ISBN 1 85649 762 3 and 763 1

Income Poverty and Beyond: Human Development in India. Edited by Raja J. Chelliah and R. Sudarshan. New Delhi: Social Science Press, 1999. Pp.xxvi + 221. Rs 395. ISBN 81 87358 00 9

Fiscal Decentralisation in Developing Countries. Edited by Richard M. Bird and Francois Vaillancourt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp.xiv + 304. £37.50 (US$59.95). ISBN 0 521 64143 8

The Future of Development Assistance: Common Pools and International Public Goods. By Ravi Kanbur and Todd Sandier with Kevin M. Morrison. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1999. ODC Policy Essay No.25. Pp.x + 106. $34.95/£10.50. ISBN 1 56517 026 1

The Global Crisis in Foreign Aid. Edited by Richard Grant and Jan Nijman. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1998. Pp.xxiv + 224. $34.95. ISBN 0 8156 2771 8

Economic Development. By Michael P. Todaro. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman, 2000. Seventh Edition. Pp.xxvi + 783. £24.99 (paperback). ISBN 0 201 64858 X

Growth and Development: With Special Reference to Developing Economies. By A.P. Thirlwall. Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1999. Sixth Edition. Pp.xvii + 521. £62.50 and £21.99. ISBN 0 333 74678 3 and 74679 1

Economics of Development. By Malcolm Gillis, Dwight H. Perkins, Michael Roemer and Donald R. Snodgrass. London: W.W. Norton, 1996. Fourth Edition. Pp.xvi + 604. £23.95 (paperback). ISBN 0 393 96957 6

A Finger in the Wound: Body Politics in Quincentennial Guatemala. By Diane M. Nelson. Berkeley CA: University of California Press, 1999. $55.00 and $22.00. Pp.xvii + 450. ISBN 0 520 21284 3 and 21285 1     

Tattoos and Human Identification: Investigation into the Use of X‐Ray and Infrared Radiation in the Visualization of Tattoos

Any person with a tattoo known to their family or friends could potentially be identified from the presence of such personal identifying markers. Problems in identification utilizing tattoos may arise when these markers are removed or defaced in some way. This paper uses infrared wavelengths at 760, 850, and 950 nm to improve the visualization of laser‐removed or covered up tattoos and also to establish whether the ink pigments used can be observed on radiographs from any metal that may be present. The results obtained indicate that some older inks have a high enough metallic content to allow them to be viewed on a radiograph, while infrared light can demonstrate latent ink still present in the skin after laser removal and can also be utilized to distinguish an original tattoo through a secondary “cover‐up” tattoo. Infrared photography and radiography have been shown to improve tattoo visualization in a forensic context.     

A life sentence really? The resettlement of ex-prisoners with convictions for sexual offences

About a year ago I was due to carry out in-depth research interviews with men who had committed sexual offences and who, having served their prison sentence, had been released into the community. When I spoke about this upcoming work with others the usual response was a version of ‘rather you than me’, or inquisitiveness about the arrangements for speaking with this group. As one friend said, ‘You'll be talking to them from behind some glass won't you?’.