Analyse von heroinproben mit der Kapillargaschromatographie. Vergleich von Glaskapillartrennsäule und gepackter Säule

In forensic examination of illicit heroin samples high-resolution capillary gas chromatography is compared with gas chromatography with packed columns. Separation efficiency, reproducibility of qualitative and quantitative determinations and stability of the columns are examined.A practical method with silylation of the samples is presented which allows safe identification and quantification of many various compounds contained in illicit heroin samples. The gas chromatographic data of 35 substances (opium alkaloids and synthetic derivatives, adulterants and diluents) are listed. The method also allows the quantification of morphine, opium, and cocaine samples.     

Carbon monoxide poisoning from indoor barbecues--incidents reported to the German-speaking Poison Information Centers and the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Berlin

From 2008 to the end of 2009 the Joint Poison Information Center (PIC) in Erfurt observed 7 incidents involving 17 persons (1 fatality) with signs of carbon monoxide poisoning from indoor barbecues (COFIB). To find out whether COFIB is a regional or a general phenomenon in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, all information about COFIBs recorded by the 11 German-speaking Poison Information Centers and the BfR Berlin were retrospectively analyzed for the period 2000 to 2009. In all, 60 COFIBs (accidental: 90.0 %, suicidal: 8.3%, reason unknown: 1.7%) involving 146 individuals were reported. The number of incidents increased from one case with 2 persons in 2000 to 18 cases involving 34 persons in 2009. The 146 victims (female 26.7%, male 27.4%, gender unknown 45.9%; adults 58.2%, children 24.7%, age unknown 17.1%) lived in 15 of the 16 federal states of Germany and in Switzerland. The highest number of victims was found in Bavaria (23), Brandenburg (18), and Baden-Wuerttemberg (18). The symptoms according to the Poisoning Severity Score were none to mild in 60.3%, moderate in 13.7%, severe in 11.6%, fatal in 6.9% and unratable in 7.5%. No clear correlation was found between the carboxyhemoglobin concentration and the severity of the symptoms. As a rising number of COFIBs often involving several individuals was observed from 2000 to 2009, the general public was informed about the risks of indoor barbecues.     

Development,patterns and causes of violence against foreigners in Germany: Social and biographical characteristics of perpetrators and the process of escalation

Acts of violence against foreigners have increased dramatically since 1991 in Germany. The author underlines the wave‐like process of escalation and tries to identify triggering and amplifying factors (police reaction, political deficits, public opinion). He analyses police data concerning biographical and socio‐demographic characteristics of the perpetrators and discusses some of the prominent scientific interpretations (disintegration, individualisation, right‐wing activities) concerning the recent waves of right‐wing and xenophobic violence in Germany.     

Economics,politics, and the cycle of presidential popularity

Does the economy hold the key to the ups and downs of the popularity of American presidents? This study, which is based on quarterly data from 1961 to 1980, employs stochastic models for time series (Box-Jenkins). For inflation, though not for unemployment, the findings confirm a significant effect at a lag of one quarter. The worries of political leaders about the inflation side of macroeconomic performance appear to be justified. Nevertheless, the influence of noneconomic factors such as international events, the Vietnam War, and Watergate proves even more potent. Moreover, presidential popularity is subject to a cycle whereby each president begins his service with an unearned popularity bonus that subsequently erodes. Economic performance is not found to be responsible for this inauguration-erosion cycle, but neither are rallies, wars, or scandal.     

The Legal Character of the Optional Clause System

In international legal writing the therm "optional clause" is construed to mean Art. 36. para. 2. of the Statue of the International Court of Justice, which allows the states parties to unilaterally declare that they recognize as compulsory, in relation to any other state accepting the same obligation, the jurisdiciton of the Court in specified categories of legal disputes. The above mentioned declarations from a special system called the system of complusory jurisdiction. The legal character of the optional clause and the system of complusory jurisdiction deserves attentionnot only because it embodies a theoretical issue, but also because it is of great practical relevance, considering that the answares to be given to a number of important matters associated with declarations of acceptance -such as the rules governing withdrawal or termination of declarations or its admissibility, the legal effects of reservation and restrictions attached to declarations, interpretation of declaration- depend on how one looks on the legal character of the clause. One trend will emphasize the unilaterial nature of the system of clause, while the other will conceive of the resultant relations as between states accepting the compulsory juridiction of the Court as a contractula relationship.     

Fighting to win: Wartime morale in the American public

The ingredients of wartime morale are the subject of lively debate, with casualties, prospect of victory, and elite cues representing the major points of view. This research covers the wars in Korea and Vietnam with expanded time series of public support and rare surveys that probed perceptions of victory during those military interventions. The prospect of victory affected wartime morale during both of those conflicts. It did so quite uniformly in the American public, cutting across elite cues such as partisanship.     

Die Gewichtigkeit des Themas der Gesundheit führt dazu,dass dem Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung gegenüber dem Schutz der Ehre der höhere Stellenwert zukommt

Werden in einer Wanderausstellung mit dem Titel "Der Holocaust auf Ihrem Teller" unmittelbar nebeneinander Fotos aus Konzentrationslagern der Nazizeit mit Bildern aus Massentierhaltung und Tierschlachtung gegenübergestellt, so liegt in der Meinungs?u?erung kein direkter Angriff gegen das Kollektiv (die Juden); die Meinungs?u?erung ist vielmehr ein Vergleich des tragischen Schicksals von Insassen in nationalsozialistischen Konzentrations- und Vernichtungslagern mit der Situation von Tieren in Massentierhaltungen. Die Gewichtigkeit des Themas der Gesundheit führt dazu, dass dem verfassungsrechtlich geschützten Recht auf freie Meinungs?u?erung gegenüber dem Schutz der Ehre der h?here Stellenwert zukommt, solange nicht ein Wertungsexzess feststellbar w?re. Die pers?nliche Betroffenheit des Einzelnen von einer gegen eine gro?e Zahl von Personen gerichteten ehrverletzenden ?u?erung h?ngt von der Identifizierbarkeit des namentlich nicht genannten Einzelnen ab. Auch bei der Verletzung von Pers?nlichkeitsrechten kommt es auf den Handlungsort an.