Lead isotope measurement of primer gunshot residues and likelihood ratio predictions for forensic cartridge discrimination and individualization in China

Gunshot residues (GSR), cartridge projectiles, and casings are frequently encountered evidence in gun-related forensic investigations. However, in circumstances where the investigation of striation marks is impossible, such as unrecovered or deformed projectiles and cartridge casings, GSR deposited on the hands or clothes of the shooter and victim-related items can provide information to establish a link between the suspect, the firearms used, and the victim. Since the formula of primers used by all cartridge manufacturers in China is identical, links based on the conventional morphological and compositional analysis of GSR are difficult to establish. However, the abundance of lead isotopes in primer components of lead styphnate varies significantly, and a fundamental understanding of these differences may facilitate the validation of primer (p)GSR evidence in forensic investigations. Here, 44 pGSR samples were characterized by Pb isotope ratios of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb using laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. There was no obvious mass fractionation of the lead isotope ratios of the primers from individual cartridges analyzed before and after the shooting process, thereby establishing a basis for the comparison of pGSR and unfired cartridges. Evaluation of the results using univariate likelihood ratio (LR) computations revealed low rates of misleading evidence (<0.53%) The results demonstrated that lead isotope ratio analysis of pGSR and LR predictions can provide a practicable method for forensic cartridge discrimination and individualization.     

借鉴欧盟经验推进长三角财政制度创新

长三角区域经济一体化的进程始于上世纪80年代初,经过20多年的努力,已取得了一些明显成果。但不得不看到的是,多年来阻碍长三角经济一体化持续发展的行政壁垒设置、产业结构雷同、建设项目重复等深层次障碍至今仍然存在,长三角区域经济一体化的进展仍然任重道远。这些问题从表面上看是行政区域分割造成的,但财政制度障碍是其重要根源。本文拟以欧盟财政制度创新经验作为参照,分析对比长三角区域经济一体化现状,提出推进长三角经济一体化财政制度创新的新思路：经济一体化应与财政制度创新同步;“区域公共产品”需由共同财政资助;经济一体化应兼顾效率与公平;商品与生产要素自由流动需协调税收政策;有害的“财政援助”需依靠共同制度限制等等。     

基于全球价值链视角的中国制造业国家价值链的构建

中国制造业经过30多年的对外开放已经全面融人全球价值链体系,这种融入主要是通过中国出口产品的国际市场份额、RCA指数以及产业内贸易IIT指数等三个指标来反映,但在全球价值链分工中中国一直处于低位徘徊的地位,而要改变这种状况必须在全球价值链体系下构建中国制造业国家价值链。该文着重分析了影响中国制造业国家价值链构建的主要因素,包括来自发达国家的干涉和封锁、中国的政府行为及政府间利益冲突等,强调在中国制造业国家价值链重构过程中要积极发挥政府的作用,包括政府要切实降低本国制造企业构建国家价值链的制度成本、规范地方政府竞争行为的导向、促进加工贸易企业转型升级以及要加快培育中国的中等收入阶层等方面的思路和建议。     

区域科技管理中的技术预见——以武汉为例

技术预见可选定能产生最大经济与社会效益的战略研究领域和通用新技术。本文分析了技术预见对区域科技管理的意义。在此基础上,以武汉为例,分析了该区域开展技术预见的可行性和必要性,并提出了相关思考。     

都市农业与农村土地承包经营权流转的思考——以武汉市为例

都市农业要求逐步实现生产经营的规模化,而农村土地承包经营权的流转是农村土地集约化和规模化经营的前提。引导农村土地承包经营权的依法流转,推进土地规模经营,符合党在农村的基本政策,符合现代农业的发展方向,对优化农业生产要素配置,加快农业专业化、集约化、规模化、机械化、标准化、产业化、市场化步伐,推进现代都市农业的发展,具有十分重要意义。本文通过调查研究,分析了武汉市都市农业建设在农村土地承包经营权流转方面存在的不足,并就问题的解决提出了几点思考。