A 21‐Locus Autosomal SNP Multiplex and its Application in Forensic Science

To develop a cost‐effective technique for single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping and improve the efficiency to analyze degraded DNA, we have established a novel multiplex system including 21‐locus autosomal SNPs and amelogenin locus, which was based on allele‐specific amplification (ASA) and universal reporter primers (URP). The target amplicons for each of the 21 SNPs arranged from 63 base pair (bp) to 192 bp. The system was tested in 539 samples from three ethnic groups (Han, Mongolian, and Zhuang population) in China, and the total power of discrimination (TPD) and cumulative probability of exclusion (CPE) were more than 0.99999999 and 0.98, respectively. The system was further validated with forensic samples and full profiles could be achieved from degraded DNA and 63 case‐type samples. In summary, the multiplex system offers an effective technique for individual identification of forensic samples and is much more efficient in the analysis of degraded DNA compared with standard STR typing.     

公民网络参与视角下司法的回应

当下我国司法领域面临着深刻的信任危机,公民通过网络参与司法运作是实现公民参与权等相关权利的重要路径,也是实现司法公正的前提条件,具有正当性。但公民参与司法运作的权利也要受到一定的限制,因为公民的言论自由与司法权存在着冲突,公众的知情权与个人的隐私权也存在着冲突。公民的网络参与一方面增强了司法的民主性,另一方面网络舆论所形成的压力还影响着司法权威的生成。因此,司法机关也应建立起理性的回应机制,对网络舆论进行实时监控,及时引导和应对网络舆论。     

浅析车辆超载超限运输的现状和整治对策

超载超限运输已对道路交通安全构成严重危害。分析超载超限运输现状,整治超载超限运输工作有五个方面的难点。治理超载超限运输,一要发挥职能部门作用,合理调节运输价格;二要加强联动,落实安全生产责任制;三要建立管理长效机制,从源头上遏制超载超限;四要全国一盘棋,整体实现计重收费,体现管理的公平公正;五要加大执法力度,提高违法成本,建立治超保障机制。     

Using Fuzzy Rule–Based Systems to Evaluate Overall Financial Performance of Governments: An Enhancement to the Bond Rating Process

Credit ratings remain a key feature of municipal debt management. The primary objective of this article is to develop a new methodology for evaluating the financial performance and creditworthiness of governments and to illustrate this approach for a sample of large American cities. Specifically, we develop a fuzzy rule–based system (FRBS) that uses economic, debt, and other financial information as well as a measure of financial management to produce rankings of city financial performance. The FRBS credit ratings are highly correlated with actual Moody's ratings for these cities. FRBS have the potential of enhancing the rating process by standardizing the information used and encouraging consistent rules about what combinations of inputs result in good, fair, or poor performance.     

Do state balanced budget requirements matter? Testing two explanatory frameworks

Balanced budget requirements (BBRs) affect all aspects of financial operations. Previous studies relied on characterizations that highlight a constitutional-statutory distinction. Hou and Smith (Public Budgeting & Finance 26(3):22–45, 2006) instead propose a political-technical construct. This article uses probit estimation, six measures of balance, and long panels to test which framework offers more explanatory power. The findings suggest that BBRs matter to varying degrees. Technical requirements exert bigger effects than political ones, the effects are more obvious on narrower than broader measures of balance and in the later phases of the budget cycle, and the political-technical construct offers more explanatory power than the constitutional-statutory distinction.     

乡镇概念:内涵与特征

在一般意义上,乡镇有两种解释,一是从行政区划的角度解释,二是从城镇的角度解释。乡镇的基本特征,可以根据对乡镇基本内涵的两种解释,来分别进行探究。     

美国奉行双重防扩散标准为了啥?

反恐和防扩散是美国国家安全战略的要务.但美国防扩散的主要目的,不是维护世界的和平与安全,而是维护其自身在全球的安全利益,实现其主导世界事务的战略目标.因此,美国认为,扩散国家有"好"、"坏"之分,具体标准由美国定.美国对"好"的扩散国给予默认奖赏,对"坏"的扩散国则给予严惩.     

“三○三○法案”与伊斯坦布尔市政改革解读

1984年颁布的三○三○法案为土耳其市政改革开辟了新的发展前景。该法案的出台与土耳其城市化发展和政治民主化进程密不可分。但是,该法案本身的缺陷,特别是中央政府与市政府、大市政府与地方市政府责权界限不明制约市政改革的能效,土耳其政治集权化的诸多特征和资源分配不均的弊端也使市政改革作用大打折扣。三○三○法案在调动市政府工作积极性、激励市民参政、协调城市规划和发展,及促进土耳其政治民主化进程方面起到不可或缺的作用。     

3种哌嗪类药物滥用研究进展

哌嗪类药物N-苄基哌嗪(BZP)、1-(3-氯苯基)哌嗪(mCPP)、1-(3-三氟甲基苯基)哌嗪(TFMPP)具有与MDMA相似的兴奋作用和致幻作用,成了迷幻药的替代品,在各国滥用的报道逐年增多。本文综述了3种哌嗪类药物在各国的管制、滥用情况、毒理作用、检测方法,希望为司法部门打击此类药物犯罪提供参考和借鉴。     

论突发性公共安全危机事件中的治安秩序维护

突发性公共安全危机事件是指能够引发社会运行的负面风险突然急剧膨胀,可能导致社会或国家功能衰退或丧失,并危及公共安全的一切事件.其公共性、紧迫性、破坏性、不确定性以及无序性的特点决定了其治安秩序维护的特殊性.公安机关作为公共安全危机事件第一反应者,针对这一特殊性而采取相应的应急措施,对于维护突发性公共危机事件中的治安秩序有重要意义.