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11.
Accidental or deliberate poisoning of food is of great national and international concern. Detecting and identifying potentially toxic agents in food is challenging due to their large chemical diversity and the complexity range of food matrices. A methodology is presented whereby toxic agents are identified and further characterized using a two-step approach. First, generic screening is performed by LC/MS/MS to detect toxins based on a list of selected potential chemical threat agents (CTAs). After identifying the CTAs, a second LC/MS analysis is performed applying accurate mass determination and the generation of an attribution profile. To demonstrate the potential of the methodology, toxins from the mushrooms Amanita phalloides and Amanita virosa were analyzed. These mushrooms are known to produce cyclic peptide toxins, which can be grouped into amatoxins, phallotoxins and virotoxins, where α-amanitin and β-amanitin are regarded as the most potent. To represent a typical complex food sample, mushroom stews containing either A. phalloides or A. virosa were prepared. By combining the screening method with accurate mass analysis, the attribution profile for the identified toxins and related components in each stew was established and used to identify the mushroom species in question. In addition, the analytical data was consistent with the fact that the A. virosa specimens used in this study were of European origin. This adds an important piece of information that enables geographic attribution and strengthens the attribution profile. 相似文献
12.
13.
Starting in 2008 a new designer drug, 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) appeared among users of illegal drugs in Finland. Since then there have been several seizures of MDPV by police and customs and it has been connected to many crimes of different types. In this study the incidence and impact of the use of MDPV in drivers suspected of being under the influence of drugs (DUID) in Finland was assessed. Since autumn 2009, blood samples from drivers suspected of DUID in Finland have been analysed for the presence of MDPV. A new LC-MS/MS method for the determination of MDPV in serum was established. In order to assess the impact of MDPV on driving performance, drug and alcohol findings of positive MDPV cases were compared with data from the clinical examination carried out while the suspect was under arrest. In a period of one year there were 259 positive MDPV cases from apprehended drivers (5.7% of all confirmed DUID cases). In 80% of the cases in which MDPV was found, amphetamine was also present. Benzodiazepines were also frequently found together with MDPV, which was to be expected since in Finland, in our experience, stimulants are very often used together with benzodiazepines. In most cases it remained unclear whether the observed psycho-physical achievement deficiency was induced by MDPV because the concentrations of other drugs, especially other stimulants, were often high. However, in some subjects, MDPV, or MDPV in combination with other substances was the most probable cause of the impairment. The concentrations of MDPV varied from 0.016mg/L to over 8.000mg/L. Little is known about the pharmacology of MDPV. However, based on our findings it is clear that MDPV has a serious impact on traffic safety in Finland. 相似文献
14.
There has been relatively little change over recent decades in the methods used in research on self-reported delinquency.
Face-to-face interviews and self-administered interviews in the classroom are still the predominant alternatives envisaged.
New methods have been brought into the picture by recent computer technology, the Internet, and an increasing availability
of computer equipment and Internet access in schools. In the autumn of 2004, a controlled experiment was conducted with 1,203
students in Lausanne (Switzerland), where “paper-and-pencil” questionnaires were compared with computer-assisted interviews
through the Internet. The experiment included a test of two different definitions of the (same) reference period. After the
introductory question (“Did you ever...”), students were asked how many times they had done it (or experienced it), if ever,
“over the last 12 months” or “since the October 2003 vacation”. Few significant differences were found between the results
obtained by the two methods and for the two definitions of the reference period, in the answers concerning victimisation,
self-reported delinquency, drug use, failure to respond (missing data). Students were found to be more motivated to respond
through the Internet, take less time for filling out the questionnaire, and were apparently more confident of privacy, while
the school principals were less reluctant to allow classes to be interviewed through the Internet. The Internet method also
involves considerable cost reductions, which is a critical advantage if self-reported delinquency surveys are to become a
routinely applied method of evaluation, particularly so in countries with limited resources. On balance, the Internet may
be instrumental in making research on self-reported delinquency far more feasible in situations where limited resources so
far have prevented its implementation.
Sonia Lucia obtained a Master’s degree in criminology at the Institute of Criminology and Criminal Law at the University of Lausanne. Since 2003, she has been working on a project of juvenile delinquency in Switzerland and has been involved in an international project on juvenile delinquency [International Self-reported Delinquency-2 (ISRD2) study]. She is also working on a PhD thesis on bullying. Leslie Herrmann is trained in psychology and obtained a Master’s degree in criminology at the Institute of Criminology and Criminal Law at the University of Lausanne. Since 2004, she has been working on a project of juvenile delinquency in Switzerland. She is also working on a PhD thesis on the relationship between school and delinquency. Martin Killias is Professor of Criminology and Criminal Law at the University of Lausanne. Trained in law and sociology, he has published material in various areas of criminal law and criminology. His special interest is comparative research, such as the International Crime Victimization Survey, European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics and International Self-Reported Juvenile Delinquency Project. 相似文献
Sonia LuciaEmail: |
Sonia Lucia obtained a Master’s degree in criminology at the Institute of Criminology and Criminal Law at the University of Lausanne. Since 2003, she has been working on a project of juvenile delinquency in Switzerland and has been involved in an international project on juvenile delinquency [International Self-reported Delinquency-2 (ISRD2) study]. She is also working on a PhD thesis on bullying. Leslie Herrmann is trained in psychology and obtained a Master’s degree in criminology at the Institute of Criminology and Criminal Law at the University of Lausanne. Since 2004, she has been working on a project of juvenile delinquency in Switzerland. She is also working on a PhD thesis on the relationship between school and delinquency. Martin Killias is Professor of Criminology and Criminal Law at the University of Lausanne. Trained in law and sociology, he has published material in various areas of criminal law and criminology. His special interest is comparative research, such as the International Crime Victimization Survey, European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics and International Self-Reported Juvenile Delinquency Project. 相似文献
15.
Janne Kivivuori 《Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology & Crime Prevention》2013,14(2):121-139
This study examines the association between self-reported delinquent behaviour and psychosomatic symptoms in a nationally representative sample of 15-16-year old Finnish adolescents. Some theorists have suggested that psychosomatic symptoms are related to inability to break culturally given norms. If this is so, delinquents should have less symptoms than non-delinquents. To assess this idea, two hypotheses are formulated: delinquency is associated with decreased symptoms (the 'hydraulic' hypothesis), or delinquency is associated with increased symptoms (the 'stress' hypothesis). In support of the second hypothesis, the results indicate that delinquency and psychosomatic symptoms are positively associated. The effect of delinquency on symptoms is robust in the presence of a number of control variables. The findings are discussed i.a. from the point of view of increasing research interest in the positive effects of delinquency. While positive effects are likely to exist in specific contexts, delinquency as such does not lead to a reduction of psychosomatic symptoms. 相似文献
16.
Throughout history, those in power have monitored and exercised control over individuals and groups who have been perceived as representing some form of threat to their power. Irrespective of the system of government in place, political crime is a matter of central interest to a society's security police. Political crimes are often committed by extra-parliamentary groups or organizations. The focus of this paper is how the Swedish secret police (SÄPO) have acted against what they have perceived as the extreme left, mainly anarchists and autonomists, during and after the cold war. Did SÄPO's perception of this part of the extra-parliamentary opposition change when the cold war was over in the early 1990s? Were these groups and individuals perceived as the new enemy in the threat vacuum that temporarily arose in the aftermath of the cold war? Furthermore, had the new security concept that was introduced at that time any impact on SÄPO's activities? 相似文献
17.
Objectives
This study provides a Finnish replication of a recent Swiss experiment (Walser and Killias: J Exp Criminol 8:17–28, 2012) on the supervision mode effects in computerized delinquency surveys in schools. This study supplements the Swiss study by using individual level randomization and two additional outcome variables: meta-questions of response integrity and incidence-counting heuristics.Methods
A total of 924 ninth grade students (15–16 years old) in southern Finland were randomly assigned (at the level of individuals) to supervision either by their teachers or by an external research assistant. Students then responded to an online self-report delinquency survey. Chi-square and t tests were used to compare prevalence levels and means.Results
In both last year and lifetime recall periods, only one offence type (unspecified theft) showed significantly different outcomes, with external supervision yielding a higher prevalence figure. For other offences, no supervision effects were found. When females and males were separately examined, limited evidence of gender-specific supervision effects emerged. Thus, females appear to report more thefts in external supervision while males report more violence in teacher supervision. No statistically significant supervision effects were found in questions probing response integrity and counting heuristics.Conclusion
Using teacher supervision in online self-report delinquency surveys does not appear to compromise the validity of the survey results. The findings thus largely corroborate the results of the earlier Swiss test. How supervision condition interacts with respondent characteristics apart from gender calls for further scrutiny. 相似文献18.
Kathrin Braun Alfred Moore Svea Luise Herrmann Sabine Könninger 《Economy and Society》2013,42(4):510-533
Abstract The article examines the emergence of governmental bioethics in Great Britain, France and Germany, i.e. bodies, discourses and procedures meant to guide policy-making in terms of ethical considerations. It argues that governmental bioethics, marked by openness, transparency and participation, can be understood as a form of reflexive government in the realm of science governance. It grew out of the problematization of older forms of science governance based on ideas of effectiveness, scientific expertise and system stability, and operates through structuring and managing proper talk rather than intervening in processes of techno-scientific development. Yet, rather than challenging the commitment to techno-scientific ‘progress’, it stabilizes it through mechanisms of inclusion, involvement and mobilization: within the framework of proper ethical talk, participation can be employed to pursue rather than oppose system stability. 相似文献
19.
Denise K. von Herrmann 《国际公共行政管理杂志》2013,36(11-12):1659-1680
This article compares the three major forms of legalized gambling currently being utilized by states as revenue measures. Unlike most of the previous gambling research, it focuses upon the choice of forms, rather than only the decision to adopt gambling measures. It compares forms of gambling using a variation on a previously published schema of evaluative criteria for revenue types and presents a series of models of why states choose to legalize certain types of gambling. The results suggest that iotteries and parimutuels are similar choices for revenue raising, since both are likely to be adopted in states which are liberal, which exhibit somewhat weak interest groups, and which have relatively low Protestant fundamentalist church membership. Casinos, however, appear to conform to a different decision model and are less likely to be operated in states with large numbers of older citizens and in states which do not already have other forms of gambling. 相似文献
20.
Intersectional approaches to sentencing move beyond simply predicting disparities to consider the ways in which social characteristics such as gender, age, race, ethnicity, and class combine to create even more pronounced inequalities. The current review examines research on intersectionality within the context of criminal sentencing. We identify some of the most promising recent trends in this literature, such as attention to family status in the context of focal concerns as well as the inclusion of immigration status in studies of federal sentencing outcomes. Moving beyond the sentencing stage, we also suggest that an intersectional approach can be extended to decision making within the context of postsentencing outcomes, such as gender-specific and culturally sensitive programming and treatment of offenders in institutional and community corrections settings. 相似文献