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Jeffrey S. Slovak 《Journal of criminal justice》1983,11(4):301-315
Many police patrol officers in Newark, New Jersey, articulate a working image of violence in the city that is similar to Louis Wirth's classical model of the effects of urban social disorganization on deviant behavior. In Newark, however, the working theory posits the 1967 civil disorders as a cataclysmic disorganizing event that generated ominously unique patterns of violence in the post-disorder years, compared to earlier times. Using data on violent crimes reported to the Newark police between 1940 and 1980, this article attempts to test the adequacy of that working theory as an explanation of reality. Regression techniques similar to those used by Friesma (1979) to assess natural disaster impacts are applied to three transformations of these crime data. The analysis demonstrates that the police working version of the disorganization model is more accurate as an inference from the pattern of violence that characterizes their workload than it is one from the patterns of absolute incidence of violent crime or of the risk of violent victimization incurred by residents of Newark. The article closes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for the larger problem of police-citizen distance. 相似文献
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Voting rights litigation requires ecological inference to estimatethe voting preferences of minority and nonminority groups withinthe electorate. Double regression has been the procedure mostcommonly employed for this purpose. This article presents thefirst formal examination of this procedure. The underlying structuralmodel reveals that double regression estimators are neitherunbiased nor consistent estimators of true within-group votepreferences or polarization. Simulations demonstrate that theycan substantially exaggerate the differences between minorityand nonminority vote choices when none are present, and dramaticallyunderstate them when differences exist. In sum, double regressioncannot meet conventional statistical standards for reliability.Consequently, it should be abandoned. 相似文献
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The existing literature seriously misinterprets the available evidence on the predictability of high rate criminal offending
and thus the potential value of statistical treatment rules that impose stiffer punishments on offenders with higher predicted
risk of recidivism. The misinterpretation results from the failure to take account of the fact that the data used in existing
risk assessment exercises come from environments characterized by informal (and sometimes formal) attempts by judges and other
actors to base penal treatments on expected recidivism. Findings of little or no predictive power for baseline covariates
may simply indicate the efficient use of the available information. We lay out the problem in detail, provide examples from
several literatures and then consider general solutions to the problem.
相似文献
Jeffrey SmithEmail: |
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